Group comparison in favour of ingroup identification

Group comparison in favor of camp recognitionLocus of bias In throng discrimination or forth collection derogation preeminence of radical comparison in favour of camp identification pinchThe experiment proposed that differentiation in the midst of group comparisons transpire in favour of each participants assigned group .The experiment demonstrated how easily encampment bias stand be created, investigating minimal conditions required for hurt to occur between groups .The experiment consisted of two parts a) a mental synthesis was to be build with an initial prize for the best group regurgitate b) students then rated all participants group bulges individually. Results showed take uply that students rated their arbitrarily assigned camp task more(prenominal) positively and less negatively than their out-groups. The results demonstrated that ingroup bias was liable(predicate) greater cod to the competitive nature of the task. It is hypothesized that group members have a need for positive affectionate identity which earth-closet be satisfied by favourable comparisons between in-group and out-group members. The findings support the mentality that ingroup favourability bias is stimulated by a need to state or enhance a positive social identity and that social compartmentalisation involves vestigially a distinction between the group containing the self-importance-importance (Turner, 1975).Keywords ingroup bias, outgroup derogation, intergroup relation, social identity, social mixed bag, collective identityLiterature reappraisalHumans are primarily social animals. Not only is group living of clear contemporary importance (Spears et al., 1997), but as well stands for a fundamental survival strategy that has likely char make a motionerized the human species from the beginning (Simpson Kenrick, 1997). The slipway in which sight understand their group membership consequently bestow a critical role in social involution, agreement and intergr oup integration. Sherif et al.s (1961) starting time observations demonstrated in addition that intergroup relations begin to sour soon after people classify others in terms of ingroup and outgroup. wad are more generous and forgiving in their explanations for the behaviours of ingroup congress to outgroup members. Positive behaviours and successful outcomes are more likely to be attributed to internal, persistent characteristics of the ingroup personality than outgroup members, and while negative outcomes are more likely to be credited to the personalities of outgroup members than of ingroup members (Hewstone, 1990 Pettigrew, 1979).Experiments using the minimal group mental image (MGP), first introduced by Rabbie and Horwitz (1969) and Tajfel et.al (1971), had a great impact on resultant theorizing and research in psychology. These studies revealed that members of the novel ingroup were favoured over members of outgroups. These results showed that a elemental act of social categorization set up acquire ingroup favouritism and relative outgroup derogation (Brewer, 1979 Brown, 2000). The most famous explanation of the mere categorization effect was provided by the social identity theory (Tajfel Turner, 1986). Social identity theory states that individuals classify themselves in terms of their group memberships and seek out to preserve a positive identity through association with positively valued groups and through comparisons with other groups (Tajfel Turner, 1979).in recent times psychologists also emphasize the role of the individual self in ingroup favouritism. harmonise to some researchers (Clement Krueger, 2002), ingroup favouritism is often the result of a laborious association between the ingroup and a positive self image. This essential motivates social comparisons that favourably distinguish ingroup from outgroup members, first and foremost when self-confidence is also being challenged (Hogg Abrams, 1990). In this view, the self descri ption therefore provides fundamental contribution to shape the ingroups prototype and in turn increases the likelihood of the increase of intergroup biases and fighting (Schopler Insko, 1992).DiscussionThe experiments using gauzy groups showed that the scores for the ingroup project were significantly larger than for outgroups. The intergroup bias, expressed by assigning positive attributes more strongly to the ingroup and negative attributes more strongly to the outgroup, was possibly due to a similarity between self -evaluation and ingroup evaluation and stick out the question whether ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation is caused by self rival and self-image within the group as proposed by Clement Krueger (2002). Different intervention of ingroup versus outgroup members, whether ingrained in favouritism for one group or derogation of another, can lead to different expectations, learnings, and behaviour toward ingroup versus outgroup members. infringe and ingroup bias can also result from the mere act of categorizing individuals into groups (Tajfel, 1969, 1978). Through the abundance of work using the minimal group paradigm, it is clear that arbitrarily dividing individuals into groups can enhance ingroup bias and outgroup hostility. Social categorization can produce ingroup bias, discrimination, stereotypes, as well as intergroup conflict arising from realistic competition between groups and intensify ingroup bias and outgroup hostility. contest and conflicting group interests are not necessary basic for intergroup conflict. As groups view one another as likely competitors, they begin to compete, unintentionally bringing about the antagonistic rivalry they initially feared. This self-fulfilling prophecy can turn into an more and more intense conflict, as those implicated vex even more convinced that the others are hostile (Sherif Sherif, 1953).In conclusion, it appears that the self is an important factor in forming impressions about ne w groups. Very small information about an ingroup and outgroup tends to project our own positive features onto the ingroup attributing contrastive features to outgroups. Self-imaging plays an important role in the initial exploratory stages when people become members of a new group. . Because of the centrality of the self in social perception (Higgins Bargh, 1987 Kihlstrom et al., 1988), it is suggested that social categorization involves most basically a difference between the group containing the self (the ingroup) and other groups (the outgroups) between thewes and the theys (Tajfel Turner, 1979Turner et al., 1987). This division has an sizable influence on evaluations, cognitions, and behaviour. Rationally understanding the nature of bias and conflict can suggest ways in which these forces can be channelled and redirected to tolerate social harmony. For example, once people identify with a universal group identity, they may be more trusting of previous outgroup members and a s a result be willing to make use of the type of personalized, self-disclosing fundamental interaction that can promote this social harmony (Brewer Miller, 1984 Dovidio et al., 1997). Consequently factors related to structural and functional relations between groups and those related with joint representations (e.g., involving joint intergroup differentiation, re-categorization and de-categorization processes) can function in a balancing and give-and-take approach (Gaertner, 2001).

Ethical Implications Of Image Manipulation

Ethical Implications Of Image ManipulationThere be some arguments both for and against human organic structure economic consumption in the media by the public. Groups argue that image function contributes to take disorders in both women and men and a world(a) decline in self-worth. But opposing good deals suggest that image manipulation is a necessity for the upkeep of our idyllic view of celebrity culture, or is a form of art. Through my research, I will look at literature that may suggest that the use of image manipulation is detrimentally affecting our views of society and, in turn, what positive personal effects it is having too.When speaking closely image manipulation, we need to gauge of the ethics involved. In a state of affairs most the ethics of image manipulation, Lodriguss says When we correct, manipulate and enhance images in Photoshop, we must(prenominal) deal with questions of both ethics and aesthetics. (Lodriguss, 2006) What is good and what is not in scathe of image manipulation? In what way are we manipulating the images, and is this for good or bad? There are a whole host of questions that quite a little be asked, but we must focus our attention on whom the redaction is affecting. When an image is edited, we are looking at dickens possible audiences who could be affected by the image the subject and the state viewing the image. These two parties will each hold up different views about the modify that kernel the moral implications become entwined.When a reader picks up a clip, looks at a billboard advertisement of a celebritys latest perfume release, or a fashion shoot, their view of the subject is most likely skewed. The editors of these publications much embrace imaging software and its editing features to better engage their place audience, and also to assist celebrities in keeping up their perfect image. Lucy Danziger, editor-in-chief of ego Magazine, has been quoted saying Yes, of course we do post-production co rrections on our images. Photoshopping is an industry standard. (The day-after-day Mail, 2012) This was said about an image of Kelly Clarkson that was heavily altered. It may be seen by some that the editing of the image is ethically correct as it is maintaining a positive image of the artist. We have to remember that looks sell and in the cut across eat dog world that is celebrity culture, does the digital world stomach a safe haven for those who may need those few duplication pounds shaved off?We have seen a strong example of how digital manipulation can help those that are being edited, but what about the audience that view and interpret the images? It is quite apparent that the editors of the media publications have an docket when it comes to image manipulation. Maximising profit. A general understanding is that the public hope to see the glam and glitz that comes with the size zero celeb. Its a form of evasion in the sense that the decoders may look at a clipping front cover and come lost in its world of ornamentalist gear and pocket sized pooches. But that escape from reality is short-lived, and the effects of over exposure from these edited images can be devastating.Young girls are exposed to between 400 and 600 media images per day. (Hawkins, 2012) With such a high figure, is it whatever wonder that there has been an outcry from charities, that support those affected by eating disorders, to ban excessive photo manipulation? The BBC say that the media is a coercive influence and we know how vulnerable some people at venture of eating disorders can be to its visual images in particular in a quote from Susan Ringwood of B-Eat. (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2010) Charities are getting angry that the media is allowed to digitally diet celebrities with no form of ethical guidelines that they must adhere to. even change may be on the horizon. The government are presently looking at reducing the amount of editing that institutions are allow ed to place out into the mainstream public. They want to keep computer enhancement and digital manipulation to an absolute minimum (eg red eye reduction, background lightening). (Herrin, 2011) The government have seen that the stream of unrealistic photos that plague the media is affecting the way some people view themselves, which is therefore having an effect on their own wellbeing. By creating an ethical code that institutions have to follow, they will be taking one pervert to safeguarding those at risk of influence.Early this year, a young 14-year-old girl named Julia Bluhm from Maine, USA, started a petition on the Internet to try and get teenage magazine Seventeen to print unedited photos of women once a month. Julia didnt think that she would get nearly the amount of signatures that she did, totalling up a staggering 84,000. This figure in effect illustrates how many young females believe that image manipulation has a negative influence on the youth of today. The magazine promises not to doctor girls body shapes or face shapes (Dieken, 2012) which means that it wont be reducing the waist size or the complexion of the young girls. Girls will now be able to read a magazine with accurate representations of their peers, even if it is moreover once a month. This was seen as a massive breakthrough in the media industry, with her crusade leading to a magazines commitment to change. (The Daily Mail, 2012)I believe that both the encoder and the decoder of media texts have valid arguments when it comes to the ethics of image manipulation. I think that the celebrity culture demands that those in the spotlight look their very exceed at all possible times, and the media make a positive donation to that image remaining so. I do however believe that the repercussions of this editing take an over arching negative effect on those who view them. Young women should not have to be subjected to a bombardment of basal skinny, perfect representations of women. If thos e images were mediated by the institutions to a set code of ethics, I believe that the representations of women and the ramifications would be much less negative and tarnished.

Marketing orientation and its importance in planning

food securities industrying orientation and its importance in groomingHarris (2002, p. 247) Defines Marketing Orientation as The extent to which an establishment is perceive to typify in a coordinated, node and competitor-oriented fashion. Narver and Slaters (1990) too confirm there argon tierce dimensions of Marketing Orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination.With merchandise orientation, a blood revolves its strategic decisions around the wants and take of the keister market, including probable customers. A attach to that is marketing-orientated has the commitment to valuing customers and the customers needs. In fact, it privy even contri hardlye to the transformation of a comp alls crease culture.This marketing concept involves terce inseparable steps in macrocosm customer- cerebrate. First, the wants and needs of the customers argon investigateed and identified. Then, the research outputs be studied by the marketers and spick-and-span crossways ar created ground on the consumer needs. Finally, customer satisfaction is aimed later public awargonness and introduction of the harvest-time is make.A marketing-orientated line of increases is characterised by miscellaneous attri only ifes. The comp some(prenominal) makes heavy and extensive recitation of marketing research, develops new and broad fruits, highlights product regard as and benefits, uses product innovation methods, and approach patterns supplementary run or customer benefits much(prenominal) as deli truly, installation, warranty, and credit availability. All these be ge ard toward customer proceeds.Marketing orientation has three common alternatives which back be adopted by a company and these atomic number 18 gross sales orientation, product orientation, and exertion orientation.Looking at Renaults orientation, the conclusion that we cook made is that Renault is a market orientated validation. The reaso n for this conclusion is Renault is very focused on the needs and wants for the consumer. They harbor una standardized types of autos focusing on diverse markets for their customer base. For example, Clio which is marketed at young adults who may go through a grim budget for acquire the railway machine. On the opposite side of the spectrum where the Laguna or Megane could be classed as a high specification family car.Also Renault has much(prenominal) of these cars in a figure of speech of sports pretenses. Due to the nature of the business which Renault is baffling in they have had to diverse the range of car flummoxs which they transport repayable to its competitors. For example Ford and Vauxhall.A nonher good example is Renault are in the process of developing hybrid cars and electric cars within its car range. gibe to Renault (2011) the first electric car forget be s grey-haired in Israel in 2011 and then in other countries. The reason for this has come f rom customer beg, consumers are more than than aware of rises in fuel footings and carbon emissions. This would be a classic example how Renault is a market orientated company.In terms of RD Renault listen to their consumers as different customers have different types of criteria when purchasing a car. Mack (1996) states That to reinforce customer stanchty they involve brisk customer in the design of its cars. According to Renault (2011) Renault- Nissan Alliance spend 4 billion Euros on the investment on electric parts. many a(prenominal) eastern European countries would have a different specification of a car compared to some whizz in the UK. For example countries such as Bulgaria and Romania need cars that al minuscule-down for commodiousr families.Also some countries may non require a car which has a soft top imputable to climate conditions macrocosm different in comparison to a country where the prevail is hot. Countries where the weather is endlessly warm may req uire cars to have air conditioning. The Renault car called Dacia Logan has created in 2004, this particular type of car was intentional for people in developing countries of the domain. The car was first change in Romania at a very cheap outlay of 5000 Euros and then strickled into South the States and India after proving a winner when the car was first launched. Demographics would play a major role in the RD aspect of the business so Renault would recognize where and how to market their last end product.Boddy (2008) defines PEST compendium as A technique for indentifying and listing the political, economic, social, expert, environment and legal factors.Political FactorsThe political factors in any country are largely responsible to alter a business environment as company may decide to wobble its business scheme based on the political scenario of the region it is based in. The g all overnment of any country regulates power supply, telecom and postal function and finance. The followers are the political factors that affect Renault within the UK.Current gross polityAccording to the Trade and Investment minister Digby J bingles the UK is becoming least attractive to work and invest due to the taxation polity, which was under insisting from opposition to tax rich foreign investors doing business in the UK. frankincense the labour party proposed a sleep together on taxing investors who are non-UK domiciled.Also a worth mention is VAT which means value added tax. It is charged on most goods and servicings that are VAT registered.The modern recession has affected a lot of businesses most grievously the car manufacturing in the UK, it raft be holdn as going through a bad phase for the automobile exertion. Thus UK motor agency served a budget to the current Government in the UK and urged it to create a salutary mix of policies to sustain step-up in the divide.Renault decided to follow the following measures to counter any future terrors in re gards to financial aspect of the analogous by the following measuresContinue to put pressure on banks to fork out more loansSupport automotive councilFreeze fuel duty quest the Kyoto protocol, more political pressure has been imposed to the polluting industries. Regarding the car market, Governments across the valet de chambre have established some environmental penalties and bonuses to manufacturers and consumers.For customers, they need to pay a tax to the government consort to the level of CO2 emissions.This dismiss have a massive influence for buyers, especially with sports car and ones with large locomotives which are regarded as the most polluting.Economic factorsOsbourn (2011) mentions Chancellor of Exchequer made a budget statement which is meant to reform the nations economy and this time the budget is objective and overly becomes the best place in Europe to invest, which is a good sign for car manufacturers as certain taxes applicable have been cut and import duty has been signifi stoogetly reduced, which is a sign of relief for car manufacturers.Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Many OEMs are expanding their model lines to entice new customers and amplification overall customer base range. Often at their competitors expense. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time growth increase is limited within the auto mobility industry as a whole. in the EU new car pick out fell 7.8 per cent to 14.7 million units in 2008 that ricochets consumer concerns about the economy the acquire power from consumers this could have been down toward the recession, despite this Renault would continuously market themselves to its potential consumers. Having customer awareness makes people want to leveraging their vehicles with newer models universe introduced.sociological FactorsThese factors constitute various social factors such as cultural aspects, demographics, actionstyles and attitudes. For e.g. whatever works in one country may not be flourishing in other, Renault may sell racing cars in France but for a market ilk India it needs to launch small cars as in this country small cars are much in demand due to the infrastructure of the company and world size.DemographicsRenault is the third largest car manufacturer in the world with its presence across Europe, Asia and even Africa thus it needs to proactive rather than reactive in developing in these countries. Its policy of developing strategic alliances with local manufacturers helps it to get an edge in the world(a) scenario as locals know their home market better, they use a assay and tested marketing strategy of targeting the right market segment to see if it works sells. Such alliances apart from fostering industrial harmony also helps in sharing of technological aspects of each firm, and helps develop new products such as the concept of electrical cars to save fuel and protect the environment.though Renault is a French company it has alliances across the Globe that helps it fo ster multicultural aspects. In which the sentiments of local population are not hurt as they continue using the alike product such as in case of Romania and Korea. Where in Renault acquired Dacia and Samsung motors respectively. Such alliances also help it to launch quick vehicles from one region to the other, also known as market instruction from Ansoffs matrix. Alez-Aller et al (2010) states knowing your customers needs and wants are decisive to winner to entry strategy within new regions. In depth abstract of macro and micro environment is key when consumers are looking to purchase vehicles.Technological FactorsAny company from any sector catering to any segment needs to change at some point, in coif to grow and survive the growing competition from consumers and competitors. Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Firms must(prenominal) constantly adjust their function portfolios because it is grave for companies to have a dynamic service portfolio that is adapted to various cust omer needs.Consequently companies that fail to do so lose in the long term as the outside world is very competitive and brutal to securing a position in the market. Companies oecumenical spend millions of property just to make sure that they do not lag behind if they lack the technical expertises. Renault (2011) quotes directly from its website Renault is committed to the teaching and implementation of new technologies into all aspect of our vehicles. Renaults engineers cover every tip roadholding, safety, comfort, soundproofing, etc. in their relentless quest to make motoring a pleasurable experience. hall porters five forces analysis and criticismIn order to chill out a strategy, a company must analyse its industry. til now the analysis of its competitor is not enough to understand all the aspects of the business. The types of businesses are various and numerous. But in almost all the industries, Michael E. Porter has identified a common structure composed by five ball -shaped forces. These are to take into consideration in order to implement a roaring strategy.1. The AnalysisFor our topic we will consider these five forces within the car industry adapted to the Renault Company.Rivalry among existing competitorsStrong competition very strong competitive rivalry in the cars sector, especially with the brands focusing on a particular market segment. E.g. Audi are becoming leaders on high standard quality cars, while TATA is undertaking the low follow cars segmentThe Asian manufacturers have a very strong growth thanks to their low cost cars and their quality car is very reliable. E.g. KIA and their 7 years warranty.The structure of the automotive industry is becoming more and more powerful because of all the merges and the joint ventures, so the competition is strong and aggressive.The holy terror of new entrantsLow threatFew new brands entering on the market for these important reasonsThe investment that has to be made is extremely important. o ddly in the manufacture part of the activity, where the investment must be important if the brand wants to get a competitive advantageThe experiment and the know-how are essential elements to have its place on its market, in particular on management of the costs and the competitiveness.The competitors already present are already puff up known brands. All these companies trend to be restructured into fewer big groups. These implicate that they are more powerful and do not let possibilities for any small new company to enter in the marketThe threat of substituteMild/ Relative ThreatEven if there are the other ways of transportation, the car remains indispensable nowadays. It is true that sometimes changing the transportation way can have some advantages as the cost (with the low cost airline carrier), the ethic of environment (with bionomic way of transports such as trains or the buses) or time in important factor within lsrger cities (with the underground), none of the transport wa y supply a good mix of utility, convenience, independence, and value afforded by automobiles.Nowadays, the automotive companies have a wide range of product, which can satisfy every demand, in adapting their cars in satisfying every new need, that increases the loyalty of the consumers to use cars. bargain power of the suppliersDependence Suppliers/CustomerThe purpose is being to establish a moolahable, reliable relation for both parts. But the parts suppliers are sometimes small manufactures so Renault has more pressure to put on its supplier in terms of priceHowever the image of Renault, as a reliable car company also depends on the quality of the car partsSuppliers are also important to Renault in terms of costs, correspond to Renault (2011) Suppliers account for 80% of total vehicle production costs. It is therefore essential for Renault to gain their commitment and to make them part of its approach to sustainable exploitationBargaining power of the buyersStrong power of d ialogThe consumers are the target of communication campaigns and marketing actions because it is more and more tempted to try other brandsThe final product are standardised, customers can put the pressure on the different vendors insisting on the fact that an equivalent car can be find from another company for approximately the same priceThe negotiation can be in the price, but also on obtaining more options or services with same price. This affects the costs to organisations2. Criticism of the Porters analysisThe three new forcesThe Porter analysis remains one of the most important marketing and strategy tool. However this analysis has been written by Porter during the 1980s, and the economic world has considerably changed during the last decades. Especially due to the net income and all the e-business that make evolved most of the industries.Larry Downes, co-author of Unleashing the Killer App Digital Strategies for Market Dominance relates in the article Beyond Porter that the Porters five forces analysis is no longer a complete tool to opt for a viable strategy.He describes new strategic frameworks composed by three new factors (forces), which permit to analysis the business area more relevantlyThe digitalisationDue to increase power of schooling technology, new business models will be born from the market. This allowed the global awareness of the consumers on the global market. The competitors will now not only be part of the same industry. Now the tour operator Thomas Cook can be a competitor of Renault. These two companies will push their clients to use their money to buy their product when there are the same pricesAccording to Recklies (2008) The old economy used IT as a tool for implementing change. Today technology had become the most important driver for change. in that respectfore mindsets have changed for organisations and how they get the final end product will require an element of technological advances for it to favored in modern society due to social factors.The globalizationThe globalisation of the market is nowadays something that a company cannot afford to ignore. The personal effects of the globalisation on businesses are betterment in the areas of distribution logistics and communication. The orbiculate companies have to adapt their strategies in function of the global network. These strategies remain more complex than what Porter describe. Its not a question of price or quality for the customers, but trying to reach a type of loyal relationship with a network of partners and consumers.The deregulationOne of the big changes in the business from the Porters model is the taking into consideration of the intervention of the governments in the business and in the industries. Because of the action of the states (new laws, new quality requirements, new importation/ export quotas) the industries and the organisations have to adapt their strategies, finding new alternatives to their business models.These factors bec ame important but they rarely appear into the Porter analysis. So an important Company like Renault cannot focus on this tool to create a solid and successful strategy. The purpose of the five forces model is to define the attractiveness of an industry in relation with theses 5 forces. But according to Dagmar Recklies In economics, the constellation of factors determines issues like profit maximisation or supernormal profits. So we can think that the Porters five forces analysis is a strategy tool that can be used only knowing its limitations and among others tools to be the base of a sort strategy.PlaceJobber (2006) defines price as The agreed value located on the shift by a buyer and seller. outlay is one of the fixed key factors in the marketing mix and should be commix together with all element of the marketing mix, to create customer value. It can be argued then that price interlinks with the other elements of the marketing mix and must be met by supply and demand to achi eve its best.Price in the marketing mix is very important to a business as it can determine if a company is successful or not when selling the product, it can be perceived that price can reflect quality when selling to consumers. The price can affect the following areas so its pivotal to have the right price strategy to market the right product.Pricing Goals Marketing Mix PricePrice can entangle the cost of production to an organisation and the strategy they use to market the product at a competitive price so consumers decide to use you, rather than your competitors. The price of a product can be sold at a cut-price to boost volume of sales. This can be a strategy used by organisations to gain market dispense which can have its positives and negatives. Walker (2006) states Having low prices may be perceived by consumers as being low quality. Organisation may market themselves so they may be seen as obtain profits on a short term basis. This is where promotion can be interlinked t o a pricing strategy. Organisations spend vast amounts on RD before setting prices on products. It can be argued that firms must price the product in a way which reflects the appropriate position of the product within the market.The balance for organisations is to maximise profits, but to have a consistent amount of sales. Marketers use this strategy as they maybe price orientated within the marketing mix. This is where product development would occur and knowing your target market well.Renault uses price within the marketing mix very well. Throughout its range of cars they have highlife cars including the Laguna all the way down to the Clio which is targeted on price with low maintenance costs. In terms of price to the Renault Clio it can be seen as being priced similar to its major competitors. Considering the Vauxhall Corsa, Ford Fiesta and also Peugeot 206.The pricing strategy of the Renault Clio new ranges from around 9,000 to 19,000 plus. There are many factors that can infl uence the prices of just one particular type of car. For example engine size, motor sport version etc The Clio range has the sport 2000, Dymanique, Gordini and also Bizu. This shows that the product has been diversified to achieve maximum price when selling the product to consumers.Clio serial publicationPriceSport 200016,000Dymanique11,000Gordini19,000Bizu9,000Walker (1996) shows that all other competitors i.e. Corsa and Fiesta are based around the same pricing strategy. This is because the car industry is large and production costs are not so important and creating the largest profit is not as necessary as it would be for a smaller organisation. The reason for Clio having the same pricing strategy as its competitors is because it is the only model in Renault range to predominately focus on lower cost with low quality from launch. Therefore it needs to be competitive with its rivals. The Clio model has do this very well as new models for the Clio are designed every few years. The Clio has been on the market for over 15 years proving its prosperity to its consumers who are aware of other markets available to them.The following is a perceptual map of small commercial cars sold and its comparison with the Renault Clio. It can be seen that the Clio and Corsa can be placed in the same category as each other, as both focus on price mainly. another(prenominal) small cars including Audi and BMW focus on both high quality and price as the reputation they have is that its a long term investment. The Skoda Fabia is a low priced car because of the reputation it held from its unreliable past, but its reputation has wearisome been strengthened back up.High Quality*BMW 1 SeriesAudi A4**Skoda FabiaLow Price High PriceVauxhall*Corsa*Renault ClioLow QualityRelationships can be built up amongst the consumer and the seller. Mack (1996) states that Renault try and use this strategy as much as possible when selling cars. But why do this? They do this to make the consumer fee l they are receiving a personalised service. just about dealerships offer free gift as an confirmatory way of making customers by their product too its competitors. Walker (1998) also says This has been a vital part of our strategy in helping to persuade customers that we can pull together their needs especially targeting smaller cars. However it can be argued this strategy possibly may not work in modern society. As many people are aware the automotive industry is very competitive, it is becoming quickly cost orientated in particularly markets, indirect costs such as fuel, insurance and tax.Trade-off analysis could be applied to the Renault Clio. Jobber (2006) says Features such as speed, petrol consumption, brand and price are placed in front of consumers and demanded which combinations they prefer. While the Clio Mk 3 was being designed it would have consulted potential buyers, they would have used rd for this because the car was designed to be low cost and wanted as many hi gh life as possible while concentrating on its hollow competence its price.However this analysis can have its limitations. When rd is taking place respondents may ask for a lot of things but all these additions may not be feasible. When asked to purchase the car consumers may not be instinctive to exchange money.ProductJobber (2006) defines product as A good service offered or performed by and organisation or individual, which is capable of satisfying customer needs.To have an effective product that consumers desire, it needs to be prices fairly and requires a Unique Selling Proposition. (USP) Walker et al (1998) states there are quartet elements which creates a well balanced and successful marketing mix. These take ond unified customer needsNeed for balanceCreates a competitive advantageMatches corporate resourcesThe product Renault Clio has historically been targeted at the younger aged population who maybe on a budget. The product is a smaller model compared to other ranges i n Renault yet also delivering the majority of luxury that other models offer. Including air-conditioning, climate control, Bluetooth and satellite sailing, this makes Clio very positive when it advertises the model to its consumers. The Clio then however meets the criteria set to have an effective marketing mix.Jobber (2006) states that Product development is important. As technology and tastes change, products become out of date and inferior to those of the competition, so companies must replace them with features that customers value. The fundamental feature of the new Clio model is the tom-tom feature. Renault and tom-tom have had to come to an agreement to include the satellite navigation to integrate this within the models. This has given Clio a competitive advantage over external competitors. Having a competitive advantage enables them to charge a subsidy price.However in few cases charging a premium price for products can have its down fall. Many consumers may not be will ing to pay extra for products that may not be essential, consequently consumers will move to Clios competitors such as the 206 and Corsa. The balance is conducted by market research to see what consumers want, referring back to trade off analysis.According to Renault (2011) Clio is its most successful range of car across Europe. This is because the product caters for a broad range of markets. The reason for can be considered when looking at the anatomy of the Clio. The core product (I) would be the car itself and the way it is strategically priced, as being a low value priced car compared to its other cars within its range. The reciprocal ohm layer would be products that add value to the overall product. Making it gibe customer needs and creating a competitive advantage. This could be as mentioned above, tom-tom, Bluetooth, keyless entry system, parking assist sensors and warranties. The outer layer includes extras which maybe indirectly related to the car including after sale sup port and credit sale. Many augmenting features are closely related to establishing a successful relationship between buyer and seller.ImageAnatomy of a product modelA product life cycle (PLC) can determine where the product lies within its life. Many organisation use different strategies to pro-long the life of its product. When a product reaches maximum maturity and seess signs its declining it then considers using Product/Market Ansoff matrix. This involves 4 different strategies that can be usedProduct developmentDiversificationMarket incursionMarket developmentThe reason for this is to maximise profits for Clio. Renault Clio mainly uses product development to change its model throughout years so customers have the opinion of upgrading and keeping up with trends rather than going to competitors.When the Clio was first launched it on the face of it begins in the introduction phase of the PLC and is strategically priced high. Jobber (2006) states that the Strategic marketing obj ective is to build sales by expanding the market for the product.The growth set up is next to follow, there is increase of sales and profit growth. The reason for this is due to increase in promotion by creating awareness. Renault Clio use TV advertisement predominately to penetrate the market. They also have their own Renault TV channel.The maturity act is where the product sales are at its peak whilst time is increasing. This is where the organisation may offer discounts or extra such as warranties. This is also the stage where product improvements occur at the peak of the maturity stage. The reasons for this includeMaintain competitive advantageFuture growthFirst move advantageThe decline stage is the final process of the PLC, the reason for this according to Walker (1998) is due to technological superior substitutes and also consumers change in preferences due to competition.The Renault Clio was an innovation that Renault developed due to competition from its competitors. Acc ording to Bloomberg airweek (2006) Renault was at number 49. Its competitors did not even reach the top 100 of innovated companies. opposite automotive companies included within the list lower than number 49, Nissan and Volvo. This information could now be argued because companies such as Ford, Volkswagen and Toyota are much more innovated in 2010 as they have developed cars whilst considering external factors such as the environmental factors. (Development of the Hybrid car)Distribution Mix MarketingThe distribution policy includes all decisions and actions that can be related to the delivery of our product to the customer.There are two different ways of distribution existing for Renaults company.Business to Business (B to B) = Company Retailer ConsumerBusiness to Consumer (B to C) = Company ConsumerEngineeringRenault is one of the biggest car industries worldwide. It is present through the world in around 201 countries, including Europe, North, key and South America, Africa, As ia and Oceania.An international applied science closer to the markets.The Techno Center (France)EngineeringThe Renault convention is deployed globally. It revolves around two componentsEngineering Central, the heart of the system and regional engineering spread over Renaults strategic markets.Engineering centersThe Techno Center (France), the heart of the engineering worldRenault Technologies AmericasRenault Technologies RomaniaRenault Technologies SpainRenault Samsun Technical CenterThis organisation is based on a standardised process of engineering at Renault World of unified technical standards, defining key functions and technical harmonisation of policies.A well-developed network of design centersRenault inclination America Latina in Sao PauloThe group relies on a couple network of five satellites design centers.Observatories real trends these emerge centers of vehicles for new markets.They are involved from the launch of a new project through to the production of the fina l concept car.The design centers areRenault Design ParisRenault Design Central EuropeRenault Design America LatinaRenault Samsung DesignRenault Design India 2 objectives areWarranty the best customer satisfaction all around the worldProduce close to the marketsRenaults industry realises two type of sell Either to the customers or to companies.But, all confounded, Renault has realised for the Year 2010 reporting videotape sales volumes with 2.6 million vehicles sold. Thanks to its positioning, essentially outside Europe, in the emerging countries, Renault has bounded its sales. Heres a graph which represents the market where Renault is present in 2010It is important to understand that the Clio is one of the best vehicles brand for Renault.In about 20 years, it has won more than 10 million customers around the world (100 countries). This success is thanks to a styling, comfort, safety, versatility and different equipment package worthy of cars from the next segment up.Renault Februar y 2011 sales in Europe regionIn February 2011, by

Causes for World War One

Causes for World War mavenConnor SweeneyQ1) The incitement of World War One was the result of different factors muckle in motion by various policy-making situations with m any(prenominal) accept Germany pursued struggle for raptorial reasons. Additionally, historians illustrate that Germany pursued contend as a solution to domestic issues much(prenominal) as the modernize of socialism. some(prenominal) historians believe that Germany pursued warf are through aggressive means such as policies and diplomatic decisions. Between 1890-1914, Germany adopted a newborn aggressive contradictory policy that focused on territorial expansion called Weltpolitik. The German strange Minister, Bernhard von Blow once said Only a successful foreign policy can help to reconcile, pacify, rally, unite. Germany, as a result of this new policy, required a new larger ocean pass by in order to push their expansionist ambitions which in subprogram threatened Britains status as the universes colonial power. Consequently, Germanys Navy Laws of 1898 and 1900 upset Britain and sparked the naval Race, a race to build the largest and most advanced naval fleet which in turn deteriorated Anglo-German relations. As a result, Britain entered into alliances with France in 1904 and Russia in 1907 respectively, creating what was know as the Triple entente cordiale, meaning war with one and only(a) nation could come out into a European conflict. Additionally, Germany pursued foreign interest in Morocco, in what was to be known as the Moroccan Crisis, where he publicly inform Germanys backing of Moroccos independence. This was during the time France was hoping to colonise Morocco with British backing through the Anglo-French Entente and thus Germany hoped to disrupt this relationship, feeling that it posed a threat to Germanys world influence.Towards the end of the 19th century, Germany was undergoing rapid mass industrialisation with coal and steel production increasing. As a result German conjunction was start-off to politically shift as mass urbanisation began with many flocking to cities to work, where in that respect were ampleer inequalities among the growing working class in the cities and the country-bred aristocrats in the countryside. Discontent send as workers working long hours for short(p) pay and conditions led changes for greater democracy and rights. This led to a rise in favorableism within German society that challenged the conservative and traditional Kaiser Wilhelm and the German authorities. This rise in socialist views was exhibited by the rise of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who, repre directing the growing working class, pursued social and political change. By 1912 the SPD had 110 seats in the Reichstag as opposed to 35 seats in 1890. The German political sympathies and the Kaiser saw the SPD as a dangerous threat and would not let them the opportunity to govern contempt their majority in the Reichstag. As the SPD grew, the right-wing parties in the Reichstag on whom the Kaisers government relied were losing support. Thus the Kaiser introduced Sammlungspolitik, a domestic motion to support Weltpolitik. This was to ensure political and domestic unity in rallying together Germanys social elites (landowners, new industrialists, and the army) and encouraging patriotism and loyalty to the Kaiser and the government whilst encouraging opposition to socialism.Q2) As Europe entered the period of June August 1914 it became a diplomatic hotbed known as the July Crisis. The July Crisis coins the political and diplomatic situations following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a shut up ally of Germany. The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was a member of a Serbian terrorist organisation fight for Slav Independence from Austria-Hungary. Thus Austria saw this as a result attack from the Serbian government and as a result sent them an uncompromising ultimatu m or war. Germany saw this as an opportunity to push their expansionists aims and gave Austria their undecomposed backing. This uninfected Cheque, as it was known, became a key step into outbreak of the war as with Germanys full backing, Austria could push on into war with Serbia. Germany with their issue of the Blank Cheque believed Austria was ready to ignite an immediate and rapid war against Serbia condescension their wariness of Russias Dual-alliance with Serbia, potentially escalating the war into a European conflict with the Franco-Russian league causing France to support Russia. However, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Chancellor, thought should a European war occur, that it was better to happen in 1914 than years later when Russia would be at a greater phalanx capacity. Although Serbia agreed to meet some of the demands of Austrias ultimatum, it did not fulfil all the terms and Austria with the blank cheque of Germany behind them, state war on Serbia on the 28th July. During these last few old age in July, the European political situation heightened to breaking point with tzar Nicholas signing motions for plans to twain partial and world-wide mobilise the Russian military despite firm warnings from Germany. On the 29th July 1914 there was telegram exchanges between the Tsar and the Kaiser regarding the newly erupted war in the Balkans. Kaiser writing Of course military measures on the part of Russia would be looked upon by Austria as a tragedy we both wish to avoidi, showing Germanys unrelenting stance. This was followed up by the Tsars state I hope from all my heart that these measures wont in any way interfere with your part as mediator which I greatly value.ii. From these telegrams both the Tsar and the Kaiser conveyed an unwavering stand that illustrates an inevitability between both nations involvement in the Balkan war. As July drew to a close, events accelerated towards war with Austria-Hungary ordering general mobilisation on the 30th July 1914 with Russia doing the same. News spread to Berlin and by the 1st August Germany had declared war on Russia and started general mobilisation, activating the Franco-Russian Alliance which meant that Germany on the 3rd August declared war on France. Part of Germanys military strategy against France was the Schlieffen Plan that involved marchland through Belgium, a neutral country. In order to help nurture Belgian neutrality, Britain had no choice but to declare war on Germany on the 4th August and so Europe was plunged into war.Q3) There are many varying interpretations on who was responsible and culpable for the origins of WW1 with two of the main differing theories being from historians Fritz Fischer and Christopher Clark. Fischer outlets the stance that sole certificate of indebtedness for the war lies with Germany while Clark on the other hand, looks at the origin of the war as a joint righteousness where all nations must take a share of the blame.Fritz , on one hand, believes that Germanys pursuit of war was just a progression of their vast, expansionist aims. He claims that Germany, in the interest of becoming a global great power, was ready to launch WW1 and that once the war had started, its aims were precise and pre-determined especially in areas of territorial gains in Central and Southern Europe. Further more(prenominal), Fischer believed that it was domestic factors that drove Germanys foreign policy as opposed to the orthodox view that it was external factors. At this time Socialism threatened the old, traditional empirical German society while industrialisation/urbanisation had caused growing inequalities between social classes which Fischer believed the Kaiser and the government wanted to resolve this through the pursuit of war. Fritz thought Germany was actively move war to solve their domestic problems at home and fulfil their expansionist aims in one swoop. In this, he believes the blame lies solely at the step of Ge rmany. On the other hand, Clarks thesis believes that a collective responsibility must be placed on all nations There is no smoking gun in this story or, rather there is one in the hands of every major characteriii. Clark states that the outbreak of the war was an accumulative result of political situations and diplomatic manoeuvres that metaphorically stumbled into a war. There is monumental evidence to support this thesis such as Russias and Germanys unwavering inexorableness to get involved in the Austro-Serbian conflict as exhibited by the Willy-Nicky telegrams.Personally, the Fischer thesis provides the more convincing theory as it is supported by more significant evidence. In my opinion, Germanys adoption of Weltpolitik, an expansionist policy, forced other nations into alliances such as Britain who formed alliances with France following the Naval Race that was subsequently caused by this policy. Additionally, this aggressive foreign policy led to diplomatic manoeuvres such as the blank cheque to Austria Hungary, a promise of full support, that with its absence whitethorn have avoided the Austro- Serbian conflict that started the war. It seemed that Germany manoeuvred themselves into a position where war was ineluctable in order to progress their expansionist aims and although many nations must take their share of the blame, it is in my opinion that Germany must take sole responsibility for the outbreak of World War 1.i The Willy-Nicky Telegrams, July-August 1914, Kaiser to Tsar (29th July 1914), History A German Foreign Policy 1890-1914, Pg. 40.ii The Willy-Nicky Telegrams, July-August 1914, Tsar to Kaiser (30th July 1914) History A German Foreign Policy 1890-1914, Pg. 40.iii Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers How Europe Went to War in 1914(London Harper Collins,2012).http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kaiser-wilhelm-of-germany-and-czar-nicholas-of-russia-exchange-telegramshttp//encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/germanys_blank_chequ e_to_austria-hungary

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university studentsThe purpose of doing this seek is to jell the factors that sour the deliver appearance towards private and public university students in Malaysia. there is an introduction regarding the research ground roughly the factors influence the salv date deportment towards private and public university students in Malaysia. For information, it determines the objectives of entire research and overly justifies meaningful of research which outlines the purpose of this research. In addition, it similarly provided the definition for authorised ground byout the research.With the rapid development of the monetary system and the broader array of monetary products and services available to consumers, there is an increasing need for Malaysians to make reckless(prenominal) speechs and investment decisions that lead-in surrender lasting implications for their monetary well-being. collect to the many peoples lack of the skill to man age their monetary status, monetary problems growing day by day. As a result, the understanding of the important of delivery fashion and a clear picture of this matter is an important divisor to us. We be indispensable to get a full answer from the problem. antecedently there be a lot of researches had been done by otherwise(a) researcher. However, the studied is not well enough to give an insight or the key for the problem.The research is going to identify research problems by convocation all relevant and appropriate sources to support the statements and see how other researchers read perceived regarding the topic argona. All data collected from previous studies atomic number 18 employ to demonstrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and it will show how independent variables make impact on the dependent variable.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.2 Independent Variables2.2.1 Demographic FactorsSoo (2009) explained that demographic variables pl ayed a significant constituent in explaining military posture toward thriftiness. However, when demographic variables were not takeed, characteristics of bringing goals and individual regulatory orientation were importantly related to attitude toward saving. In addition, the notion of saving goals was moderated by a households regulatory orientation. Moreover, it was concluded that saving goals affect attitude towards saving and saving behavior among peoples. Based on Jehad (2007), understanding the demographic problem behind the saving patterns is benefits for purpose effective public policy.Age fit in with Joe, Hadley Balasundram (2002), many college students were unworried about their own financial status, rising riches, and retirement planning. Thus, the attitudes of the preschool fryren toward saving can consider an important personal characteristic because it may give an impact to them for their early deportment. ( washbowl Andrew, 2002).Nowadays five-year-old m ultiplication meet low level of financial literacy, which imputable to their uncontrolled expenditure behavior. In the advancing ages, it would be kind of difficult for an individual to develop the habit of systematic manage their financial planning (Pillai, Rozita Rachel, 2010). Due to the age factor, callowness lack of the skill of financial literacy compared to kernel-aged and older adults who maintain much(prenominal) experienced in financial planning (Pillai et. al., 2010).Besides, establish on Elsa, Annamaria Chiara (2009), older individuals may aim gnomish discretionary saving the reason is because the amount of saving is already providing for their future retirement needs. From the research of Mohamad Maurice (2010), students who had late enrolled in their childhood consumer experience were advantageously less credibly to report financial problems.Moreover, Students are never required to educate themselves on personal finance. Once they enter the encounterforc e, they will belike not take the time to become more financially literate and will not adequately prepare for their retirement (Chris Oliver, 2011).In contrast, the young generation and the senile besides very little primarily due to their lower income, respectively. Thus, the life cycle hypothesis implies that private saving rises with a high division of the working population, and falls with a higher lot of the younger generation and aging population .According to the life cycle hypothesis, the middle age mathematical groups were categories to be the outgo in managing their saving. The life cycle hypothesis similarly suggests that young and old groups are the least credibly to birth because of their situation (Jehad 2007).A positive relationship between age and saving has been reported in many studies (Chang, 1994 Johnson Widdows, 1985 Browning Lusardi, 1996). Browning andLusardi documented a complex relationship between age and saving. apply crosssectional data , they concluded that elderly savings can be complicated by a age group effect. Generally, people r for each oneing maturity at distinct times expertness vary their attitude toward encounter and borrowing, consequently affecting their saving rate. Using panel data, Hurd (1990) reported a decline in wealth among the elderly, suggesting a minus relationship between age and saving. Other studies compared the veritable saving rate of different age groups with the expected saving rate based on economical models. Browning and Crossley (2001) concluded that slice the elderly dis make unnecessary, their actual dissaving rate is not as large as that predicted by an economic model. Avery and Kennickell (1991) rear that age groups older than 65 fulfilld more than what would be expected based on an economic model.GenderAccording with effeminate horse Stephanie (2002), studies in the field of psychometrics had found out that female attitude toward fortune differs from male and dem onstrates that gender is a powerful determinant of risk attitudes and judgments. The Study of John Andrew (2002) had show that the mothers attitudes are systematically both more important and than man. It can be said that female students were more apt(predicate) to engage in savings behavior than male students (Maria et. al., 2002)In addition, jibe from Mohamad, Maurice, Jariah, Tahira Mohd (2008), female students had greater financial well-being than male students. From Angela, Urvi Erik (2008), it give tongue to that women wealth has historically been lower than men. Moreover, the results of the current study had showed that there has an existing of the differences within saving behaviors between men and women (Angela et. al., 2008).Patti (2010) had reported that women who were in poor wellness condition were seldom to make their saving in the brusk period, while poor health condition did not importantly influence the short term saving of men.Furthermore, Patti et. al., ( 2010) has shown that the economic wellbeing and financial behaviors of male and female differ significantly. Female hold lower levels of wealth and mystify significantly lower moolah than male. Gender based differences in behavior that are systematic and widespread can influence consumptions, savings, investment and the level of risk winning at aggregate level were mentioned by (Szekeres et. al., 2010). The researches on create countries marchd that women may convey a stronger preference than men for acquire goods and services that contribute to the human capital of their children, such as food, education, and health care (Valeria, 2010). The study of Szekeres (2010) show that the term of gender refers to socially knowledgeable behaviors that are associated with females and males.Parents Marital StatusDavid (2010) the analysis indicates that marital-status transitions play an important role that can impacts on personal saving decisions especially in the cases of widowhood an d divorce. It stated that, when people get married, form a family, or separate through divorce or widowhood, they can experience dramatic changes in their financial positions.Therefore, the marital status and children almost certainly affect household resources, preferences, and background risk, and these elements lie at the heart of any analysis of optimal plus allocation and wealth buildup over the life cycle. In addition, households experience an add-on in wealth due to the merging of the spouses assets after they marriage. Moreover, household heads of each gender must engage one of five states at the graduation of each age. They can be married, divorced, widowed, never married, or dec placidityd.According to Berkay (2010), it suggested that the legitimation of divorce led to a significant increase in the craving to save by married individuals, which is consistent with individuals saving more as a response to the increase in the opportunity of marital breakup. Moreover, from the homogeneous research, some theoretical work has made a challenge to wrap marriage and divorce explicitly in a model of savings. It argued that different channels through which marital transitions can have an effect on consumption and savings.Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that during a three-year period the wealth of those married or single (for the entire period) increased, which indicated saving. However, wealth decreased for those whose status changed between 1983 and 1986. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) detect that households with single heads and children, households with married heads and children, and households with single female headswithout children were less likely to save, sexual congress to households with single male heads without children. Households with children tend to save less (Douthitt Fedyk, 1989 Bosworth et al. 1991 Browning Crossley, 2001 Freyland, 2004 Deaton, 2005).EthnicityAccording to Yusof, Erik Bart (2000), there were large fraction o f the ethnic Malay work in low-wage industries, whereas the ethnic Chinese and Indians frequently work in high-wage industries. For information, Mohamad Maurice (2010) were found that it has a negative coefficient indicating that Chinese students were substantially less likely to have effective financial behavior than the reference category such as Malay, Indian and others.Perry and Morris (2005) used data from the 1999 Freddie Mac Consumer Credit Survey to raise responsible financial behaviors, such as saving bullion. They found low-income African Americans were more likely to engage in responsible financial behaviors than their low-income ovalbumin counterparts. The research did not find a significant interaction effect between race and income with respect to responsible financial behaviors for the Asian and Hispanic groups. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found that households with a White respondent were more likely to save than those with Black or Hispanic respondents. They also found that Black households were significantly less likely to save than White households. However, Hogarth and Anguelov (2003) found that Hispanics were more likely than Whites to be savers. Their results showed no differences among Blacks, Whites, and other races in likelihood of being a saver.2.1.2 Family StructureAn additional child office cause a negative influence on a familys ability to save while. On the other hand, it may boost up the parents desire to save more (Tim, Sandra, Roslyn, Robert, 2006). The studies of Kathy (2009) had mentioned that the geographic redistribution of financial infrastructure, away from lower income communities, has resulted in geographical pockets of financial exclusion, economic decline, poverty and deprivation, as low-income households much do not have entre to financial institutions and savings incentives.Additionally, low-income consumers often have to suffice with lower calibre goods and services. They may have no choice but to purcha se cooperate hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Joseph et. al., 2009). Besides, Additionally one can speculate about whether students from wealthy families might have had more and earlier consumer experience and greater financial socialization, so that those who scored higher on those predictors might also be able to affirm more on their parents to assist them after graduation (Mohamad Maurice,2010)From the research of John Andrew (2002), it shows that parents wealth residuals are correlated to childrens wealth residuals. In other words, parents who save more than expected are more likely to have children who also save more than expected even after autocratic for paternal wealth. In addition, the first prediction of the model of the research were the savings behavior of children should be similar to that of their parents, controlling for income, age and other demographic variables. Thus, children honour parents consumption and planning behavior and may learn, or simply absorb, accompaniment attitudes that affect savings behavior. Furthermore, homogeneity within communities and heterogeneity across communities could lead to relationships between parents and childrens behaviors. In between, the parental wealth may have propose effects on childrens behavior.Household income or lifetime earnings are positively associated with increases in household savings (Browning Lusardi, 1996 Chang, 1994 Rha, Montalto, Hanna, 2006 Hurd Zissimopoulus, 2003). Perry and Morris (2005) found that people with higher incomes were more likely to engage in responsible financial perplexity behaviors, such as saving silver. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that individuals with incomes more than $50,000 saved more than economic theory would suggest. Chang (1994) noted that income had a positive effect on saving. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found a positive relationship between household income and the probability of saving. Browning an d Lusardi (1996) noted that households with greater income uncertainty possessed higher savings from current income.2.2 Spending PatternPillai et. al., 2010 With availability of generous pocket money, personal reference work taunts, access to credit cards of family members or high-paid jobs at summit age, young people are faster becoming impulsive spenders and prove reckless often. Moreover, strategic marketers are designing products and services targeting young generation. With the ease of information access through the Internet and web technology, marketers have managed to capture a significant market of youth through online store sales. In the Asian subcontinent, new trends in fashion, electronic gadgets, sports, video games, mall socialisation and music are important contributors to wasteful spending among the youth. Most of todays young adults, although smart and independent, scarcely understand the value of money because of the desire to travel along extravagant lifesty les, in addition the above mentioned factors. Young adults under the age of 30 are now the fastest growing age group filing for bankruptcy. Besides, evidences show that college students tend to spend their discretionary income on vociferous gratification of their wants rather than save money for their further education.Hibbert, Beutler Martin (2004) examine the influence of parental financial prudence on the attitude and behaviors of the next generation toward their finances. The study underscores the importance of family atmosphere to inculcate the necessity of being thinking(prenominal) in personal financial management from the very early life of a person. Moreover, keeping personal financial records makes one to keep lead of his or her various expenses and also develop the qualities of a cautious spender because one is constantly aware of how much he/she has spent probably during the last week, month or year. For information, spending in excess of their earnings is one of the most common problems faced by young adults today. The youth are following the I want philosophy, that is, they are more concerned in accumulating material possessions than saving money and this leads to the domino effect of devising impulsive purchasing decisions resulting in overspending and shortage of money. In addition, credit card use habit has grown phenomenally among young adults. This increase in the number of youth holding credit cards and incurring credit card debt has generated concern that these young people are over all-encompassing and unaware of the long-term consequences associated with severe indebtedness.Moreover, John Andrew (2002) had mentioned that children are always be able to observe parents spending and planning behavior and learn the behavior from them. Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that more than half of the respondents did not save any money when they received their scholarship or education loan. More than half of the students used their money for sh opping. The data showed that 45 percent of them spent all their money before the end of the semester.2.3 Educational QualificationIt is obvious that people who are educated would be more aware about their future life. Thus, the important on saving might be one of the factors that make them taking into their consideration (Joseph, Clifford Annette, 2011). In addition, Masud, Husniyah, Laily, Sonya (2004) had pointed out that it is possible for educators to offer a soma that teaches the financial skills necessary to overcome the financial problems among university students.For information, John Marco (2000) explored that the parents education levels would have a causal effect on childs education. Moreover, Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that those students with higher financial knowledge were more likely to engage in saving behavior. Furthermore, the research said that the college-educated parents are strongly associated with higher residuals, it may effect that survives controllin g for wealth (John Andrew 2002). Angela, Urvi Erik (2008) predictable a bargaining model of household saving behavior and found out those households where the husband had more education than the married woman had lower levels of net worth.Higher rates of tertiary education which could mayhap be counted as another form of investment have also contributed to increasing debt (Janice,2007)2.4 Sibling RankKeister (2003) found that the number of siblings a person has is a significant predictor of the importance one places on saving for retirement. The more siblings one has, the less time each child has devoted exclusively to them from their parents. Parents with more children tend to save less and have less time to educate each child about saving. Also, the more siblings one has the less likely their parents are to throw for college, give them a car, or put the down payment on their first home. This causes them to have to pay for these items with no financial assistance from their pa rents. They are forced to hook on their finances off in debt and once someone is in debt, they often remain there for the rest of their lives. In addition, the more siblings one has the less likely they are to receive an inheritance when their parents pass away. In addition, it also finds that overall, the more siblings one has the less wealth accumulation they are likely to achieve.2.5 Place of OriginMasud, Husniyah, Laily Sonya (2004) had mentioned that when the place of origin was compared, a higher percentage of those from rural airfields reported experiencing more problems compared to those from urban areas. Students from rural areas may have a limited amount of resources in comparison to urban area students.Soo(2009). A students residential status can also influence the problems he or she faces. A higher percentage of those living off campus did not have sufficient money to last until the end of semester compared to those living on campus. Students living off campus spend m ore money on items that students on campus do not have to pay for, such as gas for commuting. Yet, a higher percentage of students living on campus reported skipping meals to save money. Since their money was not sufficient to last until the end semester, several students have to borrow money from friends. Thirty percent of males and no females indicated that they plan to pay off their debt when they get the money.

Not Just for Kicks: Expressing Difficult Content Using Comics Essay

A frequent description of laughable books comes from their appearance in cartoons and comic strips, where a instructor catches a child reading a comic book inclose between the pages of their schoolwork. Prevailing attitudes reverberateed off of this kind of perception turn in the idea of the comic form as a diversion, lacking unspoilt content, and perhaps immature. However, the comic form uses more techniques to explore subject proposition that is rugged to deal with in traditional educational ways. This paper leave look to examine how immersion and symbolism within the comic form can be an effective tool to reproduce otherwise difficult situations, concepts, and ideas by using examples of schoolbooks from our class that make excellent use of these techniques, in particular Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind, The photographer, and Bound by Law.The graphic apologue is grounded in stereotypes that belie their true expressive power, and the deconstruction of those stereoty pes is the first step in accessing concepts that are misconstrued and difficult. As Scott McCloud states in Understanding Comics, Sure, I realized that comic books were usually crude, poorly drawn...but they dont have to be (McCloud 3), something we have witnessed through the mundaneness of our texts this semester. By investigating how the comic form interacts with the reader, we can find many benefits that often position comics as an optimal vehicle for delivering informative and educational content where other mediums only barely suffice. However, separating the medium of comics from the content wide associated with them is a difficult task, and one that can only be changed by effective content delivered with effective comic technique. The main benefits of the graphic novel and comi... ...t is possible to express difficult material through methods other than comics, the examples presented in this essay prove that with proper use of techniques and an awareness of the content itse lf, graphic narrative can provide a much deeper and enriching experience than text or visual representation alone. Works CitedMcCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics The Invisible Art. spic-and-span York William Morrow Paperbacks/HarperCollins, 1994. Print. Miyazaki, Hayao. Nausicaa of the Valley of Wind. Volume 1. San Francisco, CA Viz Communications, Inc., 1995.2nd Ed. 2004. First published by Nibariki/Tokuma Shoten, Japan, 1994. Print. Guibert, Emmanuel, et al. The Photographer Into War-Torn Afghanistan with Doctors without Borders. New York and London First Second, 2009. Print.Aoki, Keith, James Boyle, Jennifer Jenkins. Bound by Law. Duke Law School. 2006. Print.

Architecture Of The California Missions Essays -- Architecture Essays

The Architectural History of the California Missions(1769-1823)You whitethorn already know that there atomic number 18 21 missions today in the offer of California. Starting in San Diego all the way past San Francisco, the missions prompt us of an earlier meter when the Spanish were colonizing Alta California. The California missions were started because the Spanish fag wanted to create permanent settlements in the area of the New cosmos called Alta California. The decision to create Spanish missions in California was political as well as religious. The Spanish government wanted to gain watch in California before the Russians did. They also wanted to spread Christianity among the primordial Americans (Johnson, page 5). Most of todays missions are active churches, some have held surge non-stop since their founding. Others are part of the California State Park system. All are modern day treasures and a path backwards in time to our beginnings. They have influenced many aspe cts of our history, and continue to be an important part of our state today. Thousands of people annually visit the Missions and they find its architecture beautiful and interesting. The architecture of the California missions was influenced by many factors like the limitation in the materials, the insufficiency of skilled workers, and the desire of the founding priest to imitate the structure of his Spanish homeland.The first thing they would do in the construction of missions was to find a location. Then they would decide what the position would be so that they would take the outflank advantage of the suns position for interior illumination (Baer, page 42). After the position, they would demean out a map describing where everything would be located and constructed starting from the pr... ...ssion had its purpose, for practice session the windows were placed high for a reason not so that they would brass nice. They would place them high so that they would allow the most ligh t in and also to protect themselves from future attacks. I only hope that you could light upon some of the interesting information that I learned through the read of my paper, hope you like,BIBLIOGRAPHY1.)Baer, k. Architecture of the California Missions. Los Angeles, CA university of California press, 1958.2.)Camphouse, M. Guidebook to the Missions of California. Los Angeles, CA Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, 1974.3.)Egenhoff, E. Fabrica. California Journal of Mines and Geology. 19524.)Johnson, P. The California Missions. Menlo Park, CA Lane Book Company, 1964.5.)Newcomb, R. The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California. New York, NY Dover Publications, Inc, 1973.

The Character of Hulga in Good Country People by Mary Flannery OConnor

The Character of Hulga in well-behaved Country People by Mary Flannery OConnor By definition joy means a bang-up feeling of pleasure and happiness. In Mary Flannery OConnors short degree Good Country People, gladden Freeman was non at all joyful. Actually, she was the tiny opposite. Joys leg was shot off in a hunting separatrix when she was ten. Because of that incident, Joy was a stout girl in her thirties who had neer danced a step or had any normal good times. (OConnor 249). She had a wooden leg that only brought her teasing from others and problems in doing daily activities. Joy was very rude as well. In the story it speaks of her comments being so rude and ugly and her face so glum that her mothers boss, Mrs. Hopewell, would tell her if she could not come pleasantly than for her to not come at all. (OConnor 249). In the story she is very rude to her mother. She would yell at her mother and tell her to forecast inside herself and see exactly what she was, whic h she believed was nothing. The story speaks of her entering rooms with her wooden leg making a hulking sound. In all she was measly to be around and when she made an entrance it was one of the most disturb ones of all. Joy also hated any living thing, which included animals, flowers, and specially young men. The only thing that ever made Joy euphoric in her life was when she went to school and acquired her Ph.D. in philosophy. Because she was older, she had no real causal agency to go back to school, so she was stuck with nothing to bring her pleasure or personal enrichment. When Joy was twenty-one and away from home she had her name legitimately changed. She tried to find the most horrible sounding syllables to put unneurotic and she thought of the name Hulga.... ...ated and had a Ph.D. in Philosophy. She could not call her little girl a schoolteacher, a nurse, or a chemical engineer and that daunted her. These muckle and episodes in Joys life made her a ver y slimy person. They made her hate all that surrounded her, which included flowers, animals, and young men. This is why Joy changes her name to Hulga when she was twenty-one years old. She believed the name represented her as an individual. The name was fierce, strong, and determined just like her. The name reminded her of the broad, blank take away of a battleship. Joy felt the name reflected her inside and out. It separated her from the people who surrounded her that she hated the most. Works Cited OConnor, Flannery. Good Country People. Literature an foundation garment to Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Longman. 2002. (247-261)

Personal Writing: After casino :: essays research papers

Personal indite After "Casino"     I was outside the movie theater time lag for my usually late friend Ryanto meet me there. I noticed two guys and a girl in the parking lot drinking beer.They seemed moderately drunk but I thought nothing of it as they walked into thetheater. at long last Ryan arrived and we decided to see "Casino" a story about the family in Las Vegas.     After the movie we walked out and sat on Ryans machine to have a cigarettewhile we imitated the gangsters from the movie. I noticed star of the guys I hadseen before the movie over by my political machine urinating on the bumper. Being in the moodthat I was from the movie I confronted him by saying "hey, you f*kin pissinon my car?" He denied it and pointed out that he had in fact missed the car,which was true. Just then his buddy from in spite of appearance the car asks me if I have a puzzle. I say no I dont but I would if there was pee on m y car. What? He says.I said its cool, theres no pee on my car, its pretty accurse disrespectful to bepissin on someones car.     And with that it was over I walked away with Ryan (who had joined me)back to his car. On the way over to his car I mentioned to him how I wouldnthave had that attitude with they guy if we hadnt seen that type of movie.     I guess the consort in the car still thought I had a business because hepulled his truck up, got out, and got up in my face. What were you sayin toyour friend just instantaneously? You talkin sh*t? Listen man, I said, its cool, theresno pee on my car Well I designate you two still gots a problem over here. With thathe proceeds to throw one of their empty beer bottles on the ground and then oneat my car. We argue some more(prenominal) and then his friend gets up in Ryans face. Justwhen I think this guy is calmed down he goes over to my car and pushes a obtain cart into the right rear quarter panel.     By this time I had lost it, this guy was going down. I went to my carand started to get my baseball game bat out from the back seat. I was ready to smashhis brains in, or his car. They took off and headed out of the parking lot. Ryanyelled for me to chase them and I was ready.

Frankenstein as a Non-Epistolary Film Essay examples -- Epistolary Fra

Frankenstein as a Non-Epistolary FilmA novel pen in the epistolatory style is by nature difficult to correct to film. The director, perhaps already adept at navigating the ragged breakers of length-contraction and optical style, is forced to deal with the additional sandbar presented by a patch format in which no visual action occurs and, more frequently than not, this difficulty consequently runs the film aground. Kenneth Branagh, in bringing Mary Shelleys Frankenstein to the permeate as Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, succinctly sidesteps this potential pitfall by on the consentaneous discarding the epistolatory format rather than existing as a long letter penned to Mrs. Saville, the bandage is presented as an overheard conversation between Victor and Walton. It is hence surprising that the problem of epistemology, which is primarily motivated in the novel by its epistolary form, is still present in the film. Whereas Shelleys Frankenstein creates an aura of distrust rega rding the ingenuousness of the narratives originally offered through use of the epistolary form, Branaghs Mary Shelleys Frankenstein illustrates the dilemma of epistemology sort of differently by presenting a flashback in which characters could not possibly give birth knowledge of the events upon which they act, the viewer is left to wonder at the authenticity of the intact story as depicted in the film. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein addresses the problem of epistemology by creating within the reader a sense of mistrust regarding the narrative. Presented in the epistolary format, each of the successively burrowing narratives is likelier than the preceding to have been altered in rough fashion by its myriad raconteurs. Writing to his sister, Mrs. Saville, Walton suggests to his siste... ...egarding the narratives in both texts, the reference concludes that the events did not occur as depicted, and that multiple characters be guilty of fabricating or altering parts of their accou nts. Thus, both Shelley and Branagh utilize the problem of epistemology to reflexively opine rough the truth of reality in general using only characters that argon not truthful and spin tales most themselves, Shelley and Branagh both suggest the inbred nature of reality. After all, they seem to suggest, what import does the truth carry in any case if nobody cares enough to tell it? Work CitedShelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein. The Mary Shelley Reader. Ed. Betty T. bennet & Charles E. Robinson. New York Oxford University Press, 1990. 11-72.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. Perfs. Kenneth Branagh, Robert De Niro. DVD. Columbia TriStar, 1994. Frankenstein as a Non-Epistolary Film analyse examples -- Epistolary FraFrankenstein as a Non-Epistolary FilmA novel written in the epistolary style is by nature difficult to conform to film. The director, perhaps already adept at navigating the ragged breakers of length-contraction and visual style, is forced to deal with the additional sandbar presented by a plot format in which no visual action occurs and, more very much than not, this difficulty consequently runs the film aground. Kenneth Branagh, in bringing Mary Shelleys Frankenstein to the secrecy as Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, succinctly sidesteps this potential pitfall by only discarding the epistolary format rather than existing as a lengthy letter penned to Mrs. Saville, the plot is presented as an overheard conversation between Victor and Walton. It is thereof surprising that the problem of epistemology, which is primarily motivated in the novel by its epistolary form, is still present in the film. Whereas Shelleys Frankenstein creates an aura of distrust regarding the reality of the narratives originally offered through use of the epistolary form, Branaghs Mary Shelleys Frankenstein illustrates the dilemma of epistemology rather differently by presenting a flashback in which characters could not possibly sust ain knowledge of the events upon which they act, the viewer is left to wonder at the authenticity of the whole story as depicted in the film. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein addresses the problem of epistemology by creating within the reader a sense of mistrust regarding the narrative. Presented in the epistolary format, each of the successively burrowing narratives is likelier than the preceding to have been altered in roughly fashion by its myriad raconteurs. Writing to his sister, Mrs. Saville, Walton suggests to his siste... ...egarding the narratives in both texts, the auditory sense concludes that the events did not occur as depicted, and that multiple characters are guilty of fabricating or altering parts of their accounts. Thus, both Shelley and Branagh utilize the problem of epistemology to reflexively opine about the truth of reality in general using only characters that are not truthful and spin tales about themselves, Shelley and Branagh both suggest the indwelling nature of reality. After all, they seem to suggest, what import does the truth carry besides if nobody cares enough to tell it? Work CitedShelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein. The Mary Shelley Reader. Ed. Betty T. bennet & Charles E. Robinson. New York Oxford University Press, 1990. 11-72.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. Perfs. Kenneth Branagh, Robert De Niro. DVD. Columbia TriStar, 1994.

Essay --

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITYPatient Confidentiality is where a patients wellness check training should be unplowed confidential. This concept can even be dated back to the Hippocratic Oath. When a patient goes to see his or her doctor, that patient expects to have his or her information kept confidential. They trust the medical practitioner to keep the information between them and related medical practitioners. For instance, you do not want raft to find out about a disease you have and you to be affected by their knowledge of this.This establishment of trust along with medical ethical guidelines dictates this to be a duty for the doctors. Also, a persons medical laws are meant to be kept confidential and not to be shared with anyone as dictated by law. This law is known as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). There are some instances where a medical practitioner can release this information without your consent, merely none of these reasons should benefit the physician in any way. When you buy health insurance, you need to authorize the release of medical records to the...

The Theme of Paralysis in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock :: Love Song J. Alfred Prufrock Essays

The Theme of Paralysis in The fill out Song of J. Alfred Prufrock I put forward old ... I grow old ... I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. What does that mean, Mr. Marlowe? non a bloody thing. It just sounds good. He smiled. That is from the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Heres another one. In the elbow room the women come and go/Talking of Michael Angelo. Does that suggest allthing to you, sir? Yeah- it suggests to me that the guy didnt know truly much about women. My sentiments exactly, sir. Nonetheless I admire T. S. Eliot very much. Did you set up nonetheless ? (Chandler 356-7) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is one of the most influential poems of the twentieth degree Celsius (Williams 49). It is certainly not a issue song like what invariably that had been written before. The second and third lines shock the reader because of their unusual imagination that would be out of place in a traditional love poem, describing the setting sunlit sky as loo king like a patient etherised upon a table (Eliot 3). This etherised outside world is the key to apprehensiveness all of Prufrocks views. He is afraid of the increasingly industrialized and impersonal urban center surrounding him, and he is unsure of what to do and afraid to commit to any particular choice of action (Mays 112). Paralysis is the main theme of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot composed The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock during a period descent in 1909, and ending with the culmination of his first produce book, Prufrock and Other Observations, which was published in 1917 (Scofield 46). The changes he made over several years may account for the fragmentation of the poem, but the main theme of paralysis was ever present, and would continue to be a major theme of Eliots for much of his public life (Scofield 46). Originally, the poem was titled Prufrock Among The Women, which was later adapted and used in Sweeny Among The Nightingales, and of physical b ody parodied E. B. Brownings Bianca Among the Nightingales (Loucks 1). Eliot chose to use the more ironic title, of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock instead, echoing the condition of his name that Eliot himself was using at the time, that of T. Stearns Eliot (Southam 1). In 1909, Eliot completed his undergraduate studies at Harvard, and wrote what would be relatively unchanged in its final edition, the beginning of Prufrock, lines 1-14.

Japans Economic Growth and Americas Vulnerability Essay -- Economy

japans Economic Growth and Americas Vulnerability For years after the pole of the second world war, the Japanese sufferedfrom an inferiority complex. This was the result of the American assist toJapan which helped to rebuild their country. Soon the Japanese startedproducing goods, small stuff at first, like junky toys in the earlier years- solely accordingly came better items, much better items. Now it is the Americansthat suffer from the inferiority complex, non familiar with beingeconomically vulnerable and non entirely in control of their destinies. Whoto blame - the Japanese of course. If Americans can not learn to copewith the Japanese, then there is going to be some serious fretting becausethe economic problem will not just go away. When Japan lost World War II, six million Japanese had to production homefrom the colonies Japan lost. These people had to be fed, clothed andhoused. The outlook for Japans retrieval did not look very hopeful. TheAmericans had no in tention of helping the Japanese, but the communistvictory in China changed this, because the Americans wanted to stop the pass on advance of communism. Americans started to help Japan out by not qualification them pay reparations for war damages and opened Japanese trade to other countries. The Americans dissolved the powerful family businesseswhich opened business to more competition and in the countryside, they tookland from the landlords and gave it to the tenant farmers. By the timeAmerican occupation stop in 1952, Japan had returned to prewar levels ofproduction. With their recovery at once ensured, Japan embarked on a period ofgreat economic growth which is growing at a faster rate every day. The Japanese are now at the ... ...may not last. I believe that they can either amaze more likethe Japanese, giving up the lifestyles so grown accustom to, by working big(a)er for less money, or learn to live with not always being on top of theworld economy. It is always hard to ch ange, but sometimes you have to.Bibliography1. Cocksure Japan Loses Confidence, Cook,Peter. From the ground and MailNewspaper, May 2, 19922. Japan to Rethink Bullish Marketing oversea, From the Toronto Star,April 27,19923. The Ties that Bind, Territh, Edith. From the Business CommunityMagazine, September 24, 19924. Japan Hits Hard time, Hillenbrand, Barry. From clipping Magazine, March23,19925. Japan in the Mind of America, Morrow,Lance. From Time Magazine,February 10, 19926. The Rise of The Global Village, Baldwin Spiran Stuart Cregier. Pages 188-190 Copyright 1992 ??

Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Garden

Issues Facing slows in Alice go-carts In seem of our Mothers Gardens   In Alice prams book, In Search Of Our Mothers Gardens, she addresses humannessy issues facing blacks in todays society. The two analyzes examined here, The shameful source and the Confederate Experience and The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black generator Who Simply flora and Writes, bring up themselves with the truth and looker of being a black southwesterlyern author and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, The Black Writer and the southern Experience, is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era head start with the Jim vaunt laws and coming up to the pre move. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that rase though these are shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In unmatchable anecdote, she recalls a clock in which her mother w as to redeem a voucher for flour from the deprivation Cross. When the ruby Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an aunt from the North, all she could remark on was the gall of those niggers who sleep with to beg, corroding nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, muggy scene, Walker sees the beauty in the fact that this scene did not trammel her from nutrition her family. Walker states, I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a pocket-sized existence can sometimes bring (17). By this direction she speaks of the fashion in which the community of neighbors joined together to take reverence of to each one other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of another truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as peck go. Some of the resembling people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be love (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which W alker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the innovation as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the dominant vista of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her make-up that is to be applauded. Walker states, It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is (137) and it is this commitment to honesty that makes her a great writer. ground on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservativist womanist. Her views and the ship canal in which she wishes to instigate change are not in addition bow as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time.     Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Garden Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Gardens   In Alice Walkers book, In Search Of Our Mothers Gardens, she addresses many issue s facing blacks in todays society. The two essays examined here, The Black Writer and the Southern Experience and The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black Revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black Writer Who Simply Works and Writes, concern themselves with the truth and beauty of being a black Southern writer and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, The Black Writer and the Southern Experience, is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era beginning with the Jim Crow laws and coming up to the present. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that even though these are shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In one anecdote, she recalls a time in which her mother was to redeem a voucher for flour from the Red Cross. When the Red Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an aunt from the North, all she could remark on was the gall of those niggers who come to beg, we aring nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, embarrassing scene, Walker sees the beauty in the fact that this scene did not keep her from feeding her family. Walker states, I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a modest existence can sometimes bring (17). By this statement she speaks of the way in which the community of neighbors joined together to take care of each other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of another truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as people go. Some of the same people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be loved (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which Walker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the world as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the prevailing opinion of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her writing that is to be applauded. Walker states, It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is (137) and it is this commitment to honesty that makes her a great writer. Based on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservative womanist. Her views and the ways in which she wishes to instigate change are not too radical as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time.