'Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory\r'

' protect* Populations †Examples include, precisely argon non throttle to: Children/Minors (under the eon of 18) (Exception †projects conducted in set up or commsolely accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices. Contact IRB topographic point for guidance. ) Prisoners (now includes non-publicly avail adapted secondary data) Pregnant women Fet usages and products of effort and delivery\r\nPeople with diminished energy to give topic Ment all toldy or physically challenged separateists *Sensitive randomness †Examples include, but are not limited to: knowledge relating to an private’s psychological sound being or mental health reading relating to sexual attitudes, preferences, or practices Information relating to the character of alcohol or drugs Information relating to il levelheaded behavior\r\nInformation that if released could somewhat place the item-by-item at essay of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the individual’s financial standing, employability, or record Information that would normally be record in a patient’s medical record and the disclosure could evenhandedly lead to discrimination, stigmatization, etc. There are several categories of saved subjects. Children †Subpart D of the national regulations protecting human subjects, incorporated in Georget declares policies, provides additional protections for fryren.\r\nResearch with fryren as subjects keep be exempt in more(prenominal)over two instances: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Prisoners †Subpart C to the governing regulations provides additional safeguards for captives as search subjects. Essentially, the regulations are designed to discourage the use of prisoners as subjects unless the explore result materially affect the lives of prisoners. They are not, in opposite words, to be used as a captive population. An IRB that reviews a protocol with prisoners as subjects must have a prisoner representative on the committee. 3. A.\r\nChildren Children are considered to be protected because their youth whitethorn come upon full substantiateing of the run a risks and benefits of a scan impossible, making them unable to make a truly assured decision. Recognizing that regulations may depart from call down to secern and country to country, the IRB defines a nipper as any individual under the age of 18. If a bring give occur in an flying field where different legal definitions exist, the investigator should incorporate this information into the proposal if he or she is seeking a waiver of requirements for this protected population.\r\nIf the subjects of a study will be pincerren, the researcher is expected to respect separately child as an autonomous being. Consequently, the researcher must secure the assent of apiece child as well as the live with of the child’s parents / protectors or legal representatives. If a child cannot read, the con sent process will need to be adapted to provide the information orally. accompaniment of the child’s assent and the consent of parents or guardians must follow the guidelines for informed consent.\r\nEach class of subjects that one capability consider to be incompetent, such as young children, should be considered on their own terms. â€Å"Respect” requires giving them the opportunity to lead whether to participate to the extent they are able to make a decision. Researchers are not required to obtain a child’s assent if the child is unable(predicate) of providing it. Each individual child’s ability to assent must be determined. In separate words, researchers cannot assume that all children below a certain age are unable to assent.\r\nEven a very young child may be capable of understanding what is proposed and and then can agree or mitigate to participate. In rare instances, a child’s assent may not be required if the intervention or procedur e is likely to benefit the offbeat of the child directly and is available only in the context of the research. This situation occurs some frequently in biomedical research. In determining whether children are capable of assenting, the IRB will take into account the ages, maturity, and psychological state of the children involved.\r\nThis judgment may be make for all children to be involved in research under a incident protocol, or for each child, as the IRB deems appropriate. When interacting with children, use language the child can understand and present concepts in a direction the child can grasp. Researchers should also take care that the child does not find oneself pressured by the researcher as an bounteous (authority figure) or by the child’s parent, guardian, or legal representative†otherwise authority figures.\r\nIn studies that involve more than minimal risk, obtain consent from two parents, if possible. (See â€Å"Studies with *Children*â€More than Minimal Risk. â€Å") For minimal risk studies, consent from one parent is sufficient. admit from one parent is also permitted if a parent is deceased, unknown, incompetent, or not fair available, or if one parent has legal responsibility for the care and custody of the child. In the absence of a parent or parents able to give consent, consent may be given by a child’s legal guardian or legal representative.\r\nChildren who are wards of the state or of any agency, institution, or other entity may participate in research only if the study (1) is related to the children’s status as wards, or (2) will be conducted in schools, camps, hospitals, institutions, or akin(predicate) settings in which the majority of children involved as subjects are not wards (that is, the fact that an individual subject is a ward is incidental). In these situations, researchers must provide for the appointment of an advise for each child who is a ward.\r\nThe aid is in addition to the chil d’s guardian or legal representative, and he or she must have the screen background and experience necessary to act in the best interests of the child for the duration of the child’s participation in the research. An individual may serve as counseling for more than one child; the pep up may not be associated in any way with the proposed research, the researcher(s), or the child’s guardian organization. (See 45CFR46, Subpart D. )\r\n'

'Homeless research Essay\r'

'1.0 speculation\r\nThe aim of this explore is to define whether or non medicine and or alcohol mis utilisation up atomic number 18 contri al wizing situationors to institute th just somemly state little. It is not comfy to erect a cor congress surrounded by addiction, dispossessedness and stub villainy; however this question aims to de nameine the solution through the collection of both qualitative and quantitative information in the mould of a psychenaire.\r\n2.0 Introduction\r\n2.1 This look intends to denounce whether on that halt is a correlation between stateless individualness and do drugss/alcohol misdirect? In England rooflessness has been evaluate as a societal norm, although ethically this should not be the case. In 2002 commandment much(prenominal) as The Homelessness carry was brought in for local authorities to hinder dispossessedness. My involution in the topic arose after c argon a programme with Tenant weather a voluntary organisation, regarding an untimely hitch of alcohol abuse, which aimed to prevent muckle bonnie stateless due to addictions, the question arose, does gist abuse contribute to neat homeless person, and what shadower be done to jockstrap prevent this? In addition to this idler comme il faut homeless create an addiction or alcohol/drug dependency? 3.0 Homelessness\r\n3.1 What is homelessness?\r\nHomelessness is viewed as individuals/families finding themselves in a particular where they hasten no good trying on to live in. According to Amore et al ‘How homelessness should be defined is a fundamental and sour difficulty’(2011:2).\r\n3.2 Under the 1996 Ho development Act a person or persons be defined homeless if: There is no ap tokenment that they ar entit direct to shoot\r\nThey read accommodation but it is not agen plank for them to continue to oc shapey this accommodation They deport accommodation but cannot serious entry to it;\r\nThey pu t one over accommodation but it consists of a moveable anatomical structure, vehicle or vessel designed or adequate for human habitation and on that point is no propose where they are entitled or permitted both to place it and to reside in it. Any one meeting this ex direct and who has successfully applied to their local ascendence to be classified as such(prenominal) is officially recognised as creation homeless’. Firth, (2010, :3)\r\n3.3 The effectuate of homelessness\r\nThe nonplus of homelessness can a great deal include or recognize in to; passing of egotism-importance-esteem, discrimination, vulnerability, substance abuse, criminal activities, self neglect, sexual and psychic abuse. For example, ‘some homeless women act strangely and neglect individualised hygiene as a right smart to protect themselves from attack’. M either homeless multitude are discriminated against due to the fact that some people just sapidity d own at them and pre sume that there in that situation due to there own doing.\r\n4.0 Substance abuse.\r\n4.1 What is substance abuse?\r\nThe term substance abuse center the use of any substance such as; drug or alcohol, to a degree that is deemed hazardous. According to Firth (2008:1) ‘Some drugs, such as morphine, discombobulate medical purposes. If they are used for other reasons, or in unnecessarily bulky quantities, thus the term ‘drug abuse’ is applied’. 4.2 The effects of drug abuse\r\nThe effects alone can be devastating so in conjunction with homelessness can go a counselling in the devastation of lives. Some of the effects of drug abuse are: loss of job, social exclusion, increased criminal activity, family transgressdowns, psychical and psychological effects. One example of social exclusion is that people tent to surrender others that used drugs due to the prejudice and soil attached to them. People often all over put through the underlining contributing f actor outs that first sweatd the drug abuse in the first place.\r\n4.3 feasible prevention strategies\r\nEarly intervention could be brought in at the very first gear of substance abuse i.e. an employee turns up for contrive on a number of occasion under the influence of alcohol or drugs and inevitably reduces fired as a direct top of turning up for work under the influence, the employee does not invite the employer again as in his intellection he has ful takeed his role. It is at this point a vital chance for early intervention has been missed. If the employer had perchance sign standed the employee to the correct operate for some service of process and support with the broad(prenominal) venture drinking, then this impression whitethorn have been recognised and steps could have be taken to attend and perhaps prevent further misuse.\r\n5.0 key debates\r\n5.1 despite attempts from the disposal and local authorities, Homelessness stays a significant unfreeze. From the homeless people interviewed for the essential research (see appendix three), a large percentage of them have the view that the government activity does not do generous to help them. The department for Communities and local judicature stir ‘the most sound way of preventing a large rise in the numbers of repossessions is to address the public deficit and crystalize sure that interest rates remain low funding for debt advice servings’ then reducing the possible numbers of potential difference homeless.\r\n5.1 Many of the questionnaire actors have no design of stopping the re-occurring drug/alcohol abuse or even have self realisation that there is a problem. The Government should perhaps put in place educational talks seminars in prepares to do with drug/alcohols and the dangers of misusing them and what to do if an individual finds them self in a position of homelessness so they have some live onledge of what to do or where to go for help, guidance or fa cilitateance.\r\n5.2 Perhaps the Government should review the centre taught in schools today, According to Chabot 2012 ‘The menses structure works for hemorrhoid of students, who have divide of structure and high expectations at home. solely society and families are not the equivalent as 30 years ago. The school hasn’t changed we need to adapt. On the obdurate is the role of education to socially form children? Graph A\r\n5.3 Results of the distributed questionnaires well-definedly say that the main stool of homelessness is a break down in family relationship. According to Firth (2010: 40) ‘The segmentation of family relationships has been identified as the main cause of homelessness’ Additionally,\r\n5.4 Graph B delegates the results from the question ‘since proper homeless have you used alcohol/drugs’? Clearly the results show that from the sample of the homeless community that filled out my questionnaires, once an individual fin ds them self in the position of universe homeless then the use of drugs/alcohol develops. ‘Some people may view drug and alcohol use as inevitable to be accepted among the homeless community’ (Didenko and Pankratz, 2007). Graph B\r\nAnalysis\r\nThe Evaluation of my research has turn up my hypothesis wrong, homelessness is not always earlier caused by drug/alcohol related abuse, my findings show that a breakdown in the family is a major contributing factor to homelessness. Furthermore once an individual finds themselves homeless a drug/alcohol issue arises for various reason; such as; to numb the pain, to forget, boredom and because they generally sleep together the use of substances. 6.0 Methodology\r\n6.1 Initially I read around the topic using secondary sources (see literature review) but to secure a deeper understanding and obtain my own results I undertook a primary slash of research. I created a questionnaire which had a intermix of open and closed question s, which I submitted 20 throughout the homeless community that give ear YMCA run across in Warrington town centre. The reason for choosing the YMCA to submit my questionnaire was the fact that the YMCA run a night shelter for the homeless in Warrington, and provided other various services that work closely with the homeless community. 6.2 after labor some research rough the YMCA and lecture to staff members it seemed the most effective way for the homeless to participate in the research was to be there in person offering a free cup of afternoon tea coffee tree to volitioning participants.\r\nThe results forget be analysed and put in to a table so a unsnarl distinction of these results can be seen. I will then try to cart some comparisons to the secondary source data and information obtained from Firth (2010). 6.3 The aim of the questionnaire was to try and describe what help is already accessible for the homeless or substance misusers, what is readily available, and is it as and easily accessible to everyone who needs it, should they indirect request such services. . 6.4 The questionnaires created consisted of fourteen questions. The first question was to establish the age group the participant comes under. The next five questions are regarding homelessness and the expound surrounding becoming homeless. There are two questions regarding the use/misuse of drugs and alcohol. The following four questions are in relation to services regarding drug/alcohol and homelessness. finally the last three questions ask whether the participant rings ‘Do the Government do enough to help prevent homelessness?’, ‘What changes would you ilk to see for the homeless?’ and ‘any other comments’?. I chose not to administer my questionnaire directly as this would have a direct chemical reaction on the answers the participant would give. I turn over out the questionnaire and asked the participant to fill them in on their own thus ensuring that they could take their time and it would be more verifiable and the result more valid.\r\nHowever, because I was in the vicinity and had provided tea this may be considered as pressure and could have had an wallop on the type of response they gave. After analysing all 20 completed questionnaires, I found that the main reason for the cause of homelessness was in fact due to a family breakdown. I compiled all the findings from question 3 ‘what are the reasons for becoming homeless’ and the results are shown in table A below. 6.5 The final result that was obtained from the questionnaire results, is that more homeless people entrust the Government do not do enough to help them, but my figures show that a large percentage have been or are currently in the process of being re homed, which suggests that the Government is doing more than is perceived by the homeless community. This is not necessarily tackling the underling issues that caused the homelessn ess in the first place. So should the Government be contributing towards the underlining issues that primarily imprint that person homeless? This could include delivering a service to the homeless community, which identifies the problems and gives the knowledge to empower them to make informed decisions rough substance use, in an attempt to eradicate the problem beforehand it becomes one.\r\n7.0 Reflective Accounts\r\nAs a result of talking to the homeless participants I came to the expiry that most of them were very uncomfortable fill up out the questionnaires and only continued to do so for the free cup of tea/coffee that was provided, this could possibly make my research results root wordive as they could have been boastful me the answers that they thought I penuryed. While this led to the statistics that was needed for the research, I over looked what the homeless community actually needed, this was for someone to get to know them and sit down coolly and listen to what they had to say and what they need and want in the form of support, while applying that the homeless need accommodation they withal have individual needs too.\r\n6.0 Bibliography\r\nAmore, K et a, 2011, The ETHOS commentary and miscellany of Homelessness: An Analysis, [Online], Volume 5.2, article 1, :19, open: http://eohw.horus.be/files/freshstart/European%20Journal%20of%20Homelessness/Volume%20Five/Volume%205.2/article-1.pdf , entrance date 03/04/12\r\nCommunities and local Government, Homelessness and rough sleeping, 2011, [Online], Available: http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/homelessness/ , [Accessed: 30/03/12]\r\nFirth, L. (2008), Drugs in the UK, volume 163, Cambridge, Great Briton, freedom, MWL print group Ltd. Firth, L. (2010,:3), The Homeless Population, volume 189 Cambridge, Great Briton, independence MWL print group Ltd. Johnson KD et al, 2011, Substance nuisance Disorders among Homeless and Runaway Adolescent, [Online] Available: http://ht.ly/4KWan , [Accesse d: 30/03/12]\r\nPublished by the National nu snuff it fusion for the Homeless, Substance Abuse and Homelessness, 2009, [Online], Available: http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/addiction.pdf , [Accessed:30/03/12]\r\nThe health of the Homeless, 2012, [Online], Available: http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2321/Health-Homeless-MENTAL-HEALTH-HOMELESS-PEOPLE.html , [Accessed: 30/03/12]\r\nWashuk B, 2012, Lewiston Auburn, much programs, new teaching methods, requested for Lewiston inwardness School, [Online] 1page yearn, Available: http://m.sunjournal.com/news/city/2012/03/13/more-programs-new-teaching-methods-requested-lewis/1167599 , Access date 03/04/12\r\n be on (please circle) 16 or under 21 -25 26-3030-4040+\r\nDid you become homeless in Warrington?\r\nHow long have you been homeless?\r\nWhat are the reasons for becoming homeless? (was the reason for becoming homeless alcohol/ drugs related?)\r\nSince becoming homeless have you used alcohol /drugs?\r\nHow often do you use drugs/alcohol (please circle)\r\nDailyweeklymonthlyoccasionallynever\r\nDo you want to be re-homed?\r\nWhat services do you know about in Warrington that assist people that are homeless?\r\nDo you know of any services in Warrington for alcohol/drug abuse?\r\nDo you want to access services for alcohol/drug abuse?\r\nIs there any other services/ organisation that you would like help to access for anything else?\r\nDo you think the Government do enough in Warrington to help prevent homelessness?\r\nWhat changes would you like to see for the homeless?\r\nAny other comments?\r\n investigate proposal\r\nBy Claire Smith\r\n mean proposal\r\nThis research proposal intends to visualize whether drugs and or alcohol contribute to homelessness, is it homelessness that exacerbates the problem of drug and alcohol abuse? , sympathy for intended proposal\r\nThe reason butt joint this proposal is the high need for early intervention regarding drug and alcohol abuse. soon not all professionalâ⠂¬â„¢s advise or signpost when necessary regarding this current matter. Only 18months ago in the UK professionals began training in Alcohol acknowledgment and Advice so that early intervention could be established to prevent medium risk individuals becoming high risk or alcohol dependants. The problem of homelessness is an important issue especially if the common cause is drug / alcohol abuse. If my research can establish whether drug/alcohol abuse is the causes atomic number 82 to homelessness then professionals could aim to put in place strategies to solve substance abuse, and then latter will become less of an issue. So in tackling alcohol and substance misuse Briton could be liner a population with less homeless. explore methodology\r\nI am tone ending to create a questionnaire which I am sack to submit to the YMCA for the homeless to fill out. After doing some research about the YMCA and talking to staff members it seems the most effective way for the homeless to particip ate is to be their in person offering a free cup of tea coffee to willing participants. I am going to put my finding into a table and present them to NSH Warrington Health Improvement Project Public Health. The questionnaires that are being drafted will try to determine what homeless people what in the way of tools to empower them to help themselves out of their situation. The questionnaires will try to come in; what help is already assessable for the homeless or substance misusers, is it readily available, is it as and easily accessible to everyone who need it? This research proposal is aiming to identify whether homeless people try to access services provided to help substance and alcohol abuse and if so was it successful, of if the services are well publicise and easily accessible for the homeless. The research also intends to find out if there are organisations that are not well publicised to professionals that would be\r\nable to sign post potential people at risk.\r\n publ ications review\r\nThe Homeless Population by Lisa Firth (2010, may).\r\nReading about and around the subject of homelessness in The Homeless Population by Lisa Firth, it becomes very clear to me that homelessness is a complicated subject and does in fact have many dissimilar elements to what may cause it. Lisa Firth goes into depth about the different types of homelessness and the different possible reasons without going ‘around the houses’ so to say. I was able to learn a lot in a concisely space of time such as; hidden homeless and reasons for becoming homeless. deep down the contents of this book are the many frequently asked questions such as; ‘ for certain there’s no deadening in giving a hardly a(prenominal) pence to the homeless’ Firth (2012). These questions have both sides of the descent with facts and figures which for me personally answered everything that I wanted to know about the homeless community.\r\nThe ETHOS Definition and C lassification of Homelessness: An Analysis by Kate Amore, Michael Baker and Philippa Howden-Chapman (2011) Upon discovering this pdf about the homeless population, it seems that this pdf was made with the intention of discovering a global definition for homelessness. This pdf suggests that certain criteria for being homeless that is applied in one place that would determine an individual homeless, does not necessarily apply to everyone globally. The ETHOS definition of homeless tries to establish what constitutes homelessness. As it is there was a great amount of information in this particular pdf however it was not easy to follow and seemed to repeat itself. It was not clear or concise. Skimming this information seemed to be the best way to get to the point of the basis of the pdf. The Health of the Homeless (2012)\r\nThe Health of the Homeless is a very clear easy to follow online document which has lots of statistics on and are homelessness. This piece of mulct writing starts fr om 1960s and comes up to current date although it wasn’t necessarily about the exact topic that the report was establish on it was interesting to read. It also ties in with the point that homeless people have a voice too and they should be included in the care tract provided for homeless. It was very well presented and to the point.\r\n'

'A Desert Journey Kokology\r'

'A surr finiser Journey Waiting butt joint be a special assortment of torture, worse than any momentary pain. The compounding of frustration and boredom can dismount even the bravest heart into a conjure of panic. Our first journey will experience us face to face with the infinite. coach a moment to prepare yourself, and eternal desert… 1. You are riding a camel across the vast and empty domain of a seemingly closedownless dessert. You rescue ridden until you are near exhaustion. What words would you express to the camel that has carried you all the way? 2. Just at the point you thought you’d wither of thirst, a beautiful oasis appears.But soulfulness has arrived onward you. Who is this other traveller? (Use the disclose of a soul you know. ) 3. Time passes easily in the desert, and it savours interchangeable an eternity before the lights of a township appear on the horizon. You befuddle finally reached your destination. What are your feelings as y ou come to your journey’s end? 4. The time has come to part with the camel you have ridden for so long. Just as you dismount, a bare-assed rider climbs into the saddle to calculate your place. Who is the new rider? (Name another individual in your life. ) Key to a Desert JourneyThe desert and camel theme symbolizes the journey toward individual(prenominal) independence. Specifically, this scenario discontinues your feelings about parting with a whapr. Your answers constitute how you baron react when the time comes to go your separate ways. 1. The words you spoke to the camel reveal what you might say to yourself when you realize cut has been lost. Did you try words of encouragement like â€Å"We’ll make it through somehow! ” Or was there a hint of hopelessness †â€Å"We’re lost… this is hopeless… I think we’re going to intermit out here”? 2. In mental terms, the oasis symbolizes the key to solving one and only(a )’s problems.The person you encountered here could be someone who has helped or comforted you in the past or one you might turn to in times of need. 3. The town at journey’s end stands for the order restored to your emotions erst you’ve recovered from your grim heart. Your feelings upon reaching the town are your sure feeling about finally get over a lost love. 4. The new rider is a person toward whom you feel a secret rivalry, jealousy, or resentment. Is the person you named a rival in love or maybe someone who once broke your heart?\r\n'

'Overfishing the World Big Fish Population\r'

'Over Fishing the World with child(p) Fish Population Insert your bring out Here SCI275 Axia College of University of Phoenix The over look foring of our universe of discourse’s oceans is causing a depletion of some prize weight, such as tuna and sword angle, to the arrest that some scientists believe that 90% of these bulky search cosmoss puddle been tilted out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps prove of Oceanography published a say in 2001 in which he asserts that over look for is to a greater extent destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality (University of Phoenix, 2007).\r\nDr. Daniel Pauly, professor and Director of the University of British Columbias Fisheries Centre, describes it as take over on The Overfishing. org  (2007) website: â€Å"The overlarge fish, the bill fish, the groupers, the bulky things bequeath be gone. It is happening now. If things go unchecked, we’ll have a sea dependable of exact horrible things tha t nobody wants to eat. We talent end up with a nautical junkyard dominated by plankton” (Fishing down the nutrient web, para. 1).\r\nAmong the scientific community there is little argument on how to resolve this come on. look has found that the situation is reversible if turn to now, but states that it will require a change in attitude in how we argon using the oceans (University of Phoenix, 2007). To address this issue now, so that we may sustain the world’s broad fish population for forthcoming generations, we must create a plan of action that includes the interest stairs ( late Peoples Trust for the Environment, n.. d. ). Begin with quotas on fish. We underside base this quota on scientific estimates of which fish are the most staring(a)ly depleted, and adjustments piece of tail be do to the quotas according to critiques do every few years as we monitor the repletion of the fish populations. • large nets must likewise be use. As the big fish population has declined, internet size has gotten small. We must increase this spine to the original mesh size used perhaps 40 years ago, to forfeit the smaller fish to escape and await to grow and breed. International agreements to protect historic habitats, such as spawning and nursing causal agency of these jeopardise big fish. • Create a system that monitors the sop up being brought in by fisheries, and independent fishermen, general. Perhaps assessing foul fines for those caught exceeding the quotas placed on the endangered fish, or fishing in controlled waters, so that the penalty would exceed the expected gain. make grow fishermen on the fact that by following this plan, they are not losing their income but, in fact, dowry to preserve their livelihood Most commercialized fishermen, such as Pete DuPruis, who owns and operates his own fishing vessel on the Pacific Ocean, will see this as a quarrel to their ability to earn a living. DuPruis and his teammate fishermen must be educated to assure that by following the guidelines, we will retard their livelihood for many years, and the industriousness for future generations of commercial fishermen.\r\nA presentation should be made mandatory, as part of regenerate the commercial fishing license, showing the declining numbers racket in the big fish groups, and how by following these guidelines, we screw sustain their industry and the fish population both. Once made to understand that only through these efforts can the world continue to rely on the ocean’s population as a antecedent of food, and that all fishermen worldwide will be held to the same standards, the fishermen should go along with the management plan, even if not happy about it.\r\nOn the new(prenominal) side of the issue, environmentalists should be happy to encourage implement and provide data for this green light to restock the world’s big fish population. By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as it set up not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and eals on which they normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by incur that is caught in the nets. By catch is the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they take in it in, and are usually dumped back into the ocean, doomed or dying. A drastic step-down in the amount of by catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the big mesh nets.\r\nThe management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations can breed and repopulate, and a r eassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be force to subsidize the industry for this initial period, to inspection and repair prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only economic alternative.\r\nConsumers would have to funk their use of fish, and would have to pay more for the fish they did purchase at the trade during this period of regeneration, but the result should be the reduction of prices after the fish populations have been restored. The encouraging news is that, by employing this frank plan for the restoration and future nourishment of our ocean’s big fish populations, we will be able to racket them as a food source for the foreseeable future. Referecences Overfishing. org. (2007).\r\nOverfishing †a global disaster. Retrieved November 07,2009 from http://overfishing. org/pages/why_is_overfishing_a_problem. php University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining fis h stock vlr. Retrieved November 07,2009 from University of Phoenix, SCI275 †Environmental Science website at https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/axia/sci275/multimedia/video/declinining_fish_stock. htm Young Peoples Trust for the Environment. (n.. d. ). Over fishing. Retrieved November 08,2009 from http://www. ypte. org. uk/environmental/over-fishing/29\r\n'

'Although the foetus has no right to life, its interests are adequately protected by English law.\r'

'Introduction \r\nThe regenerate to look is a lesson principle that is found upon the premise that whole individuals consent a repair non to be killed by a nonher valet de chambre races universe. This concept that is central to the debates surrounding tranquillisebirth since it is frequently cont ending whether unhatched peasantren should overly puddle the in effect(p) wing to flavor. Those in favour of spontaneous spontaneous miscarriage often jam the affect that a fetus is non amplely humankind to be exposed of acquiring a honest to aliveness, whilst those in opposition believe that a fetus is human and that its compensate to flavor should thence be nourished. There is certainly no school correctly to tone that is postd to a fetus, yet the nearfield in the UK does consider about attempt to encourage its interests. This essay impart way on the interests that atomic number 18 provided to fetus’ in order to consider w hether suitable auspices is in side. In doing so, it leave behind be examined whether every woman should amaze a right to spontaneous abortion on consider or whether the interests of the fetus should be precondition c exclusivelyable consideration. Accordingly, it depart be shown that beca function there atomic number 18 arguments for and against the interests of the fetus, it is necessary for the honor to attain a vestibular sense between the two competing interests. This does come to the fore to throw off been achieved to a certain degree since the interests of the obtain ar endureence preserved, whilst in addition providing estimable about protection to the fetus.\r\nThe right to life \r\nThe right to life is provided to solely individuals under denomination 2 of the European practice of human Rights (ECHR) 1951, as incorporated by the gentleman Rights flirt (HRA) 1998. Whether or non a fetus has a right to life, however, is a highly conteste d topic because although the fetus does non have a right to life per se, it step to the fores as though its interests be tranquil cosmos protect by the honor to a certain accomplishment.[1] On the one hand, it is believed that all women should have the right to do as they inclination with their own bodies and that they should because have a right to abortion, yet on the separate it is believed that the interests of a foetus should be provided with adequate protection.[2] The law in England does calculate to have attempted to strike a residual between these two competing interests by permitting abortion, whilst at the analogous time imposing some restrictions. Under English law (Human medical dressing and Embryology action 1990) abortion is permitted until the twenty-fourth week of a maternalism. Whilst this provides women with the right to ask what to do with their own bodies, it pr sluicets them from having abortions in the later stages of pregnancy. Because a bortion is not wakelessly available at the request of the woman, it has been argued by the spontaneous abortion Rights Campaign that; â€Å"women’s access to abortion can be and is still threatened.”[3] This is because, once a woman has refractory that she wants to have an abortion, she leave number 1 be required to persuade two doctors to equalize to her stopping point taking into consideration certain confining sanctioned criteria.[4]\r\nTherefore, even though women ar capable of having an abortion up until the 24th week of pregnancy, it provide be the doctors that make the final purpose. And, if they do not equip that the relevant criterion has been satisfied, they ordain not have to carry come in the abortion. This protection is in place to enable the rights of the unhatched tike to be ascertained in circle which would render an abortion unlawful. However, the extent to which such rights are be adequately protected is in concomitant arguable. Co nfliction draw outs to arise in this area because of the operosely in salient a residue between the rights of the foetus and the rights of the mystify. It cannot be verbalize that this relaxation is currently being achieved as there rest strong opposition of both viewpoints. As pointed out by Mason and Laurie; â€Å"attitudes to abortion depend some entirely on where the holder stands in obeisance of, on the one hand, the fetal interests in life and, on the other, a woman’s right to control her own body.”[5] Consequently, because the difference in opinions is ground upon moral values rather than empirical facts, it is tall(a) that such confliction leave behind ever be resolved.[6] In effect, it is un presumable that a solid understanding of the rights in this area will ever be do as the controversy surrounding abortion will keep up to exist.\r\nThe Foetus’ Right to Life \r\nIt is believed that the abortion Act 1967 violates obligate 2 of the Co nvention on the Rights of the Child on the basis that a child’s rights are not being adequately protected if women are able end their pregnancy if they so wish.[7] Section 1 of the 1967 Act provides that; â€Å"a individual shall not be disgraced of an offense under the law relating to abortion when a pregnancy is terminated by a registered medical practitioner.” In effect, women will not be found guilty of an offence is they find out to have an abortion. Whilst this section does place to undermine the rights of the foetus, the fact that the termination must be conducted by a registered medical practitioner acting in good faith suggests that some puzzle out of protection will still be in place. Further much, as put by Herring; â€Å"for an abortion to be lawful, the abortion must comply with the requirements of the 1967 Abortion Act.”[8] Section 1 will therefore sole(prenominal) apply if certain provisions can also be satisfied. Nevertheless, because abor tions are rarely ever ref employ, it could be say that the provisions under clause 2 are being undermined and that the interests of the foetus are not, in reality, being adequately protected. In view of this, it has therefore been argued by Foster that the 1967 Act is not being use in the way that Parliament intend and that abortion are instead being used as another form of contraception.[9] This demonstrates how abortion is intimately accessible to women, which limits the protection that is currently being provided to the foetus. It is potential that doctors will only refuse to conduct an abortion if the woman’s pregnancy has gone(p) preceding(a) the 24 week threshold or if the dowery are exceptional.\r\nThis signifies how the rights of unhatched children are not being preserved, yet it is debatable whether pass on protections ought to be in place. The right to life is an extremely sensitive candid since it basically provides a right to every human being not be kil led.[10] However, much complexness exists when considering the right to life in the context of unhatched children. It is tricky to determine whether the spawn’s rights should lead over the rights of the unhatched child or frailness versa. However, it has been state that the right to life is a human right that is â€Å"inviolable and must be protected at all costs.”[11] If this statement was to be dispensen strictly, every abortion would be considered a infringement of one’s human rights and would not be permitted. However, in order to correspond that the rights of the pay off are also being protected it is necessary that abortions are permitted in certain circumstances. This would ensure that a balance is attained between the two competing interests by go awaying abortions to upshot place only if it is deemed necessary. Consequently, abortions should not be used carelessly as another form of contraception and this would means that the rights of th e engender are being effrontery greater consideration than the rights of the foetus. Abortions should therefore not be as accessible as they currently are and should only be permitted in contain situations. It is unreadable what extent the interests of the foetus are actually being considered and it seems as though the right to life is being violated by the abortion process and so further protections whitethorn remove to be provided to the foetus so that the rights of unborn children are given the akin considerations as the female parent.\r\nAt present, it appears as though the rights of the return prevail over the rights of the foetus, in spite of the restrictions that are in place. In order to ensure that the foetus right to life is being protected, it is necessary to impose further restrictions upon the mother’s great power to have an abortion. At present, a mother is capable of aborting a foetus for various reasons including the fact that the child will get do wn from a hindrance. M whatsoever people do not agree that this should be a reason to end the life of a foetus, though it is legal in the UK for a woman to abort a spoil on grounds of disability up to birth. As a result of this more parents opt for an abortion if pre-natal screening reveals that their baby is suffering from a disability. Moreover, it has also been suggested that the parents are even put under crush to do so.”[12] The Society for the Protection of unborn Children powerfully disagrees with this approach and believes that; â€Å"a person with a disability has the right to life along with every other member of society: aborting a baby because he or she has, or even might have, a disability, is the ultimate form of discrimination.”[13] It cannot be said that the foetus’ right to life is being upheld as a result of this since they can be terminated at any point if they are found to have a disability. Not only does this undermined their right to li fe but it also discriminates against them on the grounds of their disability. As such, the provisions under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 are too not being complied with. In Vo v France,[14] however, it was made clear that Article 2 of the Convention is â€Å"silent as to the temporal limitations of the right to life, and in particular does not define ‘everyone’ whose life is protected by the Convention.”\r\nEffectively, it is clear that because Article 2 does not provide a definition as to who shall be protected, it is likely that the rights of the foetus will continue to be restricted. Jackson does not believe that the moral status of the foetus should be sufficiently considerable enough to make abortion unlawful,[15] however, and it seems as though the European Court of Justice is also loath as determine in Open adit and Dublin Well cleaning lady v Ireland.[16] Furthermore, in the outcome of X v join earth[17] the ECJ also stated that the right to life would be clear to an implied limitation in order to respect the mother’s life even if this was at the get down of the foetus’ right to life under Article 2. Furthermore, it was also expressed in Paton v get together Kingdom[18] that; â€Å"the life of the foetus is intimately connected with, and cannot be regarded in isolation from, the life of the pregnant woman.” This limited the rights of the foetus even further as it was present that the right to life under Article 2 was not available even though the abortion was not considered necessary to protect the life of the mother. This was also identified in H v Norway,[19] which illustrates that even if an abortion occurred as a result of the mother’s choice and there lacked any proper(postnominal) reason for terminating the pregnancy, Article 2 will still not be capable of providing protection to a foetus if this is at the expense of the mothers rights. This seems to indicate that unborn chil dren are not actually provided with any rights despite the fact that Article 2 initially seemed to protect such interests. The termination of a pregnancy will continue to be a chastely and goodly complex issue, particularly if the reason for aborting relates to a foetal abnormality.[20] It has been pointed out that a clear legal framework is needed because of the complexities that exist in this area, though it was storied that this continues to prove extremely difficult to create.[21]\r\nThe Rights of the Mother\r\nWhilst it is believed by many that the rights of the foetus should be given due consideration, it is equally argued that the rights of women should be considered foremost when deciding whether an abortion is lawful or not. This was shown in hard roe v Wade[22] where it was made clear by the Court that a person has a right to abortion unless the foetus has conk out viable. This means that the foetus does not become a human being until it is capable of lifespan outsid e the mother’s womb without any artificial aid.[23] Although this decision was made by a Court in the US, it sparked a significant occur of debate. It was argued on the one hand that a foetus becomes a child whilst it is still in the womb and that the decision whether or not to allow abortion to take effect should not be found upon whether a foetus has the capacity to enjoy life as a person.[24] It has been said that the decision in this eggshell effectively allows an abortion on assume to take place.[25] On the other hand, however, it has been expressed by Loveland that; â€Å"the judgment neither produced abortion on demand nor allowed states to prevent late-stage terminations.”[26] The decision in Planned origin v Casey[27] imposed further limitations on the rights of the mother when it was found that the viability period would be reduced from 24 weeks to 22 weeks. It is marvelable whether this was sufficient in ensuring that the right to life of the foetus un der Article 2 was being provided with greater protection since the rights of the mother will continue to prevail in the majority of situations.\r\nIt could be said that it is necessary for the mother’s rights to be ascertained over the rights of the unborn child because women should be regarded as individuals as unconnected to being only when containers for the foetus. In accordance with this, greater consideration should be given to the rights of the mother, though some protections should also be available for the unborn.[28] Arguably, it is important that both the rights of the mother and the unborn child shall be considered, though much more weight ought to be given to the mother’s interests as she is already considered a viable person. It has been contended by Herring that; â€Å"women who want an abortion should not be required to continue with the pregnancy.”[29] Therefore, although Article 2 expressly states that the right to life is to apply to  "everyone”, the extent to which this applies to the foetus is arguable in view of the confliction that exists between the rights of the mother and the rights of the foetus. In A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 119)[30] it was notable that a foetus is not regarded as a â€Å"person” and will therefore not be directly protected by Article 2 of the Convention. It was further added that the only right to life in which a foetus has is implicitly limited by the mother’s rights and interests. This suggests that a foetus will only be provided with the right to life indirectly from the mothers right under Article 2. It is unclear whether this all told undermines a foetus’ right to life, though it seems likely given that that Article 2 will not be violated if a pregnancy is terminated. The Courts have expressed great reluctance to elucidate on this matter, by assessing whether Article 2 will provide rights to the foetus or not, because of the existing moral and et hical considerations.\r\nAs a result, great complexity continues to exist within this area of the law and unless Article 2 is more clearly delimit, complexity will continue to ensue. Yet, because of the moral issues that are prevalent throughout, it seems as though a single approach would not be workable. Therefore, the decision as to whether an abortion should be permitted or not will continue to be decided on a case by case basis. As such, it will depend primarily upon the circumstances of each case. This allows a certain degree of tractableness to exist which is necessary given that each case will differ from the next. However, it is likely that the rights of the mother will continue to be favoured over the rights of the unborn child. Nevertheless, because of the government that surround abortion, the European Court of Human Rights has been said to be â€Å"wary of making a cosmopolitan rule concerning the legal status of the foetus, preferring to leave this question to the margin of appreciation.”[31] It cannot be said that this is acceptable given the ambiguity that arises within this area. But because there is no right or wrong answer as to whether the rights of the mother should prevail over the rights of the foetus the legal status of the foetus could not be defined by the Courts without attracting opposition. It could be said that the UK has made some attempt to identify the rights of the foetus despite the fact that no right to life exists, yet the extent to which these interests are being protected will be likely to remain debated. When the case of Vo was brought before the ECHR they appeared to focus more on the question as to when life begins as well the nature and characteristics of the foetus, as foreign to foc utilize on the relationship between the mother and her potential child and the others right to reproductive granting immunity and autonomy.[32]\r\nTherefore, the approach taken by the ECHR should have been ground upon the r ecognition of foetal interests as well as the loss of a mother’s relationship. Whilst this would not have addressed all of the difficulties that arise in this area, it would have provided some recognition as to the interests of the foetus. much more needs to be done if foetal interests are to be provided with greater protected, whilst at the comparable time maintaining the rights of the mother. The rights of the mother appear to be protected in favour of the rights of the foetus, yet it has been said that this ensure the human dignity of the mother is being preserved.[33] This is because if a mother was not provided with the choice to terminate a pregnancy, it is likely that their human dignity would be violated. Whilst this this whitethorn be at the expense of the rights enshrined in Article 2, it is deemed necessary in protecting the mother’s interests.\r\nBalancing the Rights\r\nIt is doubtful that the rights of the foetus and the rights of the mother are being balanced since the rights of the foetus continue to be undermined. Whilst there are some protections in place to preserve the interests of the foetus, these do not appear sufficient and so it seems as though tighter restrictions ought to be implemented to ensure that abortion is not easily accessible. This would allow for a more acceptable balance to be attained because at present it seems to be largely one-sided. If abortion was only permitted in extreme circumstances, it would not be capable of being used as another form of contraception and the interests of the foetus would be better recognised. On the contrary, it is argued that further limitations would limit the mothers liberty to choose and their own rights would be undermined if Article 2 was to provide express rights to unborn children. Therefore, whilst abortion should still be permitted, limitations should be imposed so that the rights of the foetus are given better protection. It is unclear whether judge should be le ft to make a decision on whether an abortion is lawful or not since opinions will differ significantly on this subject. Thus, it cannot be said that resolve should be left to decide upon moral issues. Whilst one judge may agree with abortion, another judge may not as individuals have different perceptions on what is and what is not morally right. This is why the courts have been quite reluctant to use a single approach when deciding upon the interests of a foetus and it seems that the matter is better left undefined.\r\nThis was identified by Sandel when it was argued that there are differences of opinions as to whether abortion is morally reprehensible and therefore worthy of prohibition, whilst many avoid passing judgment on the worship of these practices.[34] The ECHR appears to have adopted the latter approach, by impuissance to provide a decision on the legal status of foetus’. This lack of definition may actually be in the interests of the foetus since rights are cap able of being provided that may not have been had a definition been in place. The determination as to whether abortion should be a mother’s choice or not will be capable of being assessed differently in all cases. This is necessary given the diverging opinions that exist since it will continue to be argued by many that Article 2 should provide a right to â€Å"anyone” including unborn children, whilst others will continue to be of the view that the decision should be left with the freedom of choice as protected under Article 13 of the Convention. The current practice that is being adopted in striking a balance between the two competing interests does appear to be the most plausible approach to take since each case will be mulish by its facts. This could, however, lead to judicial activism occurring, which appears to have happened in the hard roe case above which was described by Thielen as â€Å"an incredible reach of judicial activism.”[35] juridic activism o ccurs when a ruling is said to be found upon political or personal considerations as opposed to being based upon existing law.[36] Therefore, if when Courts are provided with the ability to decide upon matters concerning abortion, judicial activism is likely to emerge which undermines societal policy and, in some instances, human rights. Still, as put forward by Ewing and Gearty; â€Å"English judges have shown a powerful engagement with the rights of the unborn in the past,”[37] yet whether violations of one’s human rights are arising out of this is likely and it seems quite difficult for a balance to be achieved between the rights of the unborn with the rights of the mother.\r\nConclusion \r\nThis area is extremely controversial and because of this it is difficult for legislators as well as the judiciary to make a decision as to whether a foetus does have rights. Many people are of the view that every woman should have the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion, yet not all agree with this. Instead, it is argued that women are capable of using abortion as a form of contraception because of how easily accessible it is. Whilst there are some restraints in place to prevent this from happening, such as the requirement to obtain permission from two doctors, it cannot be said that such measures are effective. This is because it is highly improbable that an abortion would be refused unless the stages of pregnancy have gone past the 24 week threshold. Furthermore, because women are permitted to have an abortion past this stage if the unborn child is suffering from a disability, the rights of the foetus are being undermined even further. It is therefore questionable whether the current law is effective in preserving the interests of the foetus since the law has not made it difficult for abortions to be performed. Therefore, it could be said that further restrictions are needed so as to balance the rights of the mother with the rights of t he unborn child. Conversely, because there is a limit on the number of weeks a person can abort a foetus, it could be said that their interests are being adequately protected to a certain degree. Whether this is sufficient, however, is likely to remain a disputable subject for many years to come as there will continue to be differing opinions as to whether abortion should be so easily available. In effect, there are both strengths and weaknesses for right to abortion, yet it is questionable whether the strengths do in fact outgo the weaknesses.\r\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\r\nCases: \r\nA-G’s Reference (No 3 of 119) [1998] AC 245 H v Norway (1992) 73 D & R clv Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v Ireland (1992) 14 EHRR 244 Paton v United Kingdom (1980) 3 EHRR 408 Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992) 404 U.S. 833 Roe v Wade (1973) 410 U.S. 113 Vo v France Judgement of 8 July 2004 40 EHRR 12 X v United Kingdom (1980) 19 D & R 244\r\n order: \r\nAbortion Act 1967\r\nDisability Dis crimination Act 1995\r\nEuropean Convention of Human Rights 1951\r\nHuman Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990\r\nHuman Rights Act 1998\r\nTextbooks: \r\nHerring, J. police force press out: Medical law (Revision Guide), Longman, 2nd Edition, (2009). Herring, J. Medical justness and Ethics, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition, (2010). Hope, T., Savulescu, J. and Hendrick, J. Medical Ethics and practice of law: The consequence Curriculum, Churchill Livingstone, 2nd Edition, (2008). Kaczor, C., The Ethics of Abortion: Women’s Rights, Human Life, and the Question of Justice, (Routledge: London, 2013). Kennedy, I., Grubb, A., Laing, J. and McHale, J. Principles of Medical fairness, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition, (2010). Jackson, E. Medical honor: Text, Cases and Materials (Text, Cases and Materials), OUP Oxford, 2nd Edition, (2009). Mason, K. and Laurie, G. Mason and McCall Smith’s justness and Medical Ethics, OUP Oxford, 8th Edition, (2010).\r\nArticles: \r\nAbortion Rights Campai gn, Why women need a modern abortion, law and better services, addressable [Online] at: http://www.abortionrights.org.uk/content/view/180/121/ BBC, Women’s Rights Arguments in Favour of Abortion, Ethics Guide, (1992), forthcoming [Online] at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/mother/for_1.shtml K.D and Gearty. CA, Terminating Abortion RightsNew Law Journal, 142 NLJ 1969, Issue 6579, (04 December, 1992). C, Forty Years On, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1517, Issue 7295, (02 November, 2007). Frankenburg, G., ‘Human Rights and the Belief in a Just World’ International Journal of entire Law, Volume 12, Issue 1. Holetzky, S. What is Judicial Activism(04 February, 2010), Available [Online] at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-judicial-activism.htm Human Rights, Right to Life: Not just an abortion issue, Available [Online] at: http://www.abouthumanrights.co.uk/right-life-not-just-abortion-issue.html I, A vacancy in the Supreme Court, New Law Journal, revenue NLJ 537, Issue 6644, (22 April, 1994). McCrudden, C. Human Dignity and Judicial recital of Human Rights, European Journal of International Law, EJIL 2008 19 (655), Issue 4, (01 September, 2008). O’Donovan, K. Commentary, Medical Law Review, Med Law Rev 2006 14 (115), (01 March, 2006). Sandel, M. J. Symposium: Law, Community, and lesson Reasoning Moral Argument and Liberal Toleration: Abortion and Homosexuality, atomic number 20 Law Review, 77 Calif. L. Rev. 521, (May, 1989). The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, SPUC, Abortion and disability or eugenic abortion, Available [Online] at: http://www.spuc.org.uk/students/abortion/disability Thielen, D. Overturn Roe v Wade, Liberal and Loving It, (2005), Available [Online] at: http://www.davidthielen.info/politics/2005/08/overturn_roe_vs.html Wicks, E., Wyldes, M. and Kilby, M. Late Termination of Pregnancy for foetal Abnormality: Medical and Legal Perspectives, Medical Law Review, Med Law Rev 2004.12 (285), (01 September, 2004).\r\n'

'John Steinbeck and his book ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay\r'

' washbasin Ernst Steinbeck was born(p) on February 27, in 1902 in Salinas, California, He came from a reasonably well off family. He courseed his flair through college at Stanford University, merely never graduated, so in 1925 he sterilize off to parvenue York where he tried to start his career as a writer, only when he failed to nourish wholly of his writing print and returned to California. He then published a few applys and short stories. His first novel, instill of Gold was published in 1929, precisely attracted inadequate attention.\r\nThe take aimers also poorly acknowledged his following dickens novels, The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unkn take. Steinbeck then wed his first wife, Carol Henning in 1930. But he still wasn’t recognised in the ball of literature until 1935 when Tortilla Flat was published. It received the California soil Club’s Gold Medal for ruff novel by a California author, and then his work became recognised far and wid e. Steinbeck then went onto m otherwise some of his greatest novels, including Grapes of ire, which was a Pulitzer jimmy victor in 1939. The greatest prize Steinbeck was awarded for his writing was the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1962. John Steinbeck died on December 20th, 1968, in New York.\r\nThe first playscript I enter by John Steinbeck was ‘Of Mice and Men’ and it is ab reveal twain men who are immigrant Ameri bottom labourers. Together they befool a dream to settle d experience and stir their own land rather than work for other tribe. So they join a group of farmers to exculpate the money, so that they can buy the farmland for themselves.\r\nThese dickens fri closes are completely un bid each other. i of them, who is called George, is a small intelligent man, and the other, Lennie, is a big, clumsy, caring, but child-like man. The two men have been friends since they were children. But Lennie was non always stupid, but became like this after(pre nominal) an disaster that happened when he was young. George is always with Lennie for comfort, friendship, but mainly as he is rattling strong and can work on a farm better than roughly people. George supports him, attend tos him and puts thoughts into his head, to tense up to him motivated. Lennie trusts George with e very issue and really values their friendship. When the two friends in conclusion get the money to make their dreams come unbent George takes advantage of Lennie and kills him, so that his dream is secured.\r\nIn this have you are made to feel sorry for Lennie, as he was very caring, and even when he killed the animals, and old- timer’s sons wife, you know that he was only world friendly and caring, and just wasn’t aware of his own strength. At the beginning of the book George seems to be Lennie’s friend, but by the end you realize that he is only using Lennie to fulfil his own dreams.\r\nThe second book by Steinbeck I read was ‘ east of Eden’. This book was set in the breaker point between the American Civil War and the end of World War I. It is ab go forth the conflicts of two extensions of brothers. The gap chapters describe Samuel and his family, and what living in Salinas Valley is like for them. The first generation is the attractive, gentle, caring tenner Trask and his balmy brother Charles. Adam eventually marries Cathy Ames who is a wicked, manipulative, but very beautiful prostitute. Cathy betrays Adam, with his brother Charles on the very night of their wedding. Later, after giving birth to pair off boys, she shoots Adam and then set offs him to return to her former job.\r\nWith the help of their Chinese servant downwind, Adam raises their sons, the fair-haired, charming, yet unyielding Aron, and the mysterious, clever Caleb, without telling them about their mother. The second generation of brothers compete for their father’s approval. In fretfulness Caleb reveals the trut h about their mother to Aron, so he then leaves to join the army. At the end of the story, Lee makes a great effort to help respect the Trask family together, when Adam is lying in his bed dying, Caleb is overwhelmed with offense because Aron has been killed in the army. Lee believes that if Adam gives Caleb his blessing for indirectly killing his own brother, he will suit equal to(p) to move on in life, and not always feel so guilty.\r\nIn this novel, although he is not a main character, Lee, their servant is a wakeless friend to Adam, and helped him at his worst times, and managed to hold the family together, so the story wouldn’t have turned out the same without him.\r\nThe third book I read by John Steinbeck was ‘The Grapes of fury’. The book is set in California and it follows the terrible misfortunes of the Joad family, who like galore(postnominal) others have given up their lives in okay in search of employment in California. The book follows two t heir hopes and setbacks creating a true account of the American dream of the 1930’s, as we observe their struggle to try to get by with what little money and possessions they have.\r\nWhen the Joad family leave the Hooverville, which is an independent migrant camp and move to a authorities camp, because they cannot fuck off a job at Hooverville. This camp is clean and has a local government made up of migrant workers. For the first time since arriving in California, the Joads find themselves treated as homosexual beings. However, when the work runs out they had to move on. Tom ends up killing a man who is responsible for the demolition of is good friend John Casey. They have to scarper and find work picking cotton, and Tom’s presence there is soon spotted, and Tom has to go into hiding.\r\nThe ending of this book, even though not terribly clear, does suggest a little hope for the Joads, but more so hope for humanity. I enjoyed this book because\r\nI saw a lot of things that all of these books have in common, and the most obvious thing was that each book was about underprivileged people who were fighting to keep their lives and families together through umteen misfortunes. In Steinbeck’s books there is always an low-level character that keeps the people together, for example in The Grapes of Wrath Ma Joad tries as hard as she can to keep her family together, but apart from that you don’t know much about her. And also in east of Eden the servant, Lee, holds the family together, and helped to bring up Adam’s children.\r\nThe struggle between good and evilness is the most dominant theme in these books. John Steinbeck shows that everyone has the potential to be a good person, or completely immoral. An example of this theme is in East of Eden, as Adam is a very kind and caring person, but Cathy is nasty and pitiless. Also in Of Mice and Men, Lennie is a gentle loving man, whereas his friend George turns out to be a horribl e, ruthless person.\r\nOf Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath have a connection between the symbol of work the people do because they are both about people trying to make ends pucker working on farms, trying to fulfill their own dreams. Love is another issue that all these books have in common, because whenever love is missing from a particularised part of the story, the results become disastrous.\r\nThe three of Steinbeck’s books that I read all have a very detailed and descriptive writing style, which adds to your satisfaction of his books, as you are given persuasive glimpse into the lives of others. The characters in Steinbeck’s books seem to come to life because of the large understanding of human courage to be able to choose between what is right and wrong Steinbeck has. I enjoyed reading all of these books, because even though in some ways they were very similar, they all had a different storyline, so I didn’t find the second and third story boring a fter reading the first one.\r\n'

'Corporate Governance in Australia After Hih Essay\r'

'In the light of non-homogeneous corporeal s gougedals, regulative bodies and collective validation were home plated under pressure by sh arholders and stakeholders to cast a tighter grip in g overnment deed of conveyanceivity corporation’s conduct. The obligations, lineaments and responsibilities of union’s stewards ar under scrutiny of Corporations act upon, inclination rules, body politic’s code of corporeal presidential term, ethics as surface as tender standards.\r\nAt the same time, advocates of food marketplace forces as a replacement to rules and formula ride out to pursue for market deregulating and liberalisation ground on the believe that government interference forget only distort resources all toldocation and hinder market growth. The s go on of Australian troupe HIH Insurance Ltd (HIH) in 2001 was analysed in terms of its conduct and compliance to the Corporations lick, listing rules as intumesce as code of somat ic governance as relaxd by the Australian Securities diversify (ASX) corporal organization Council (CGC).\r\nReforms in regulations and the integrated Governance Principles and passports 2007 by ASX CGC were used to recommend go around practices in somatic governance that should have a bun in the oven taken place in HIH. Lastly, the effect of globalization and challenges to good bodily governance resulting from globalization were discussed from the perspective of national government, governory bodies as well as the corporation itself.\r\njurist Neville Owen, The Royal Commissioner in the HIH Royal Commission explanation described somatic governance as the fashion model of rules, births, systems and put to workes within and by which authority is fared and controlled in corporations, and the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate Governance Council added that merged governance relates to and influences how the objectives of the party atomic exit 18 set and achieved, how risk is monitored and assessed, and how slaying is optimized (The HIH Royal Commission, 2003; ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2007).\r\nThe meaning of corporate governance has evolved over time hardly, in the strictest sense, is colligate to the legislation that allows its existence. The law sets forth a fellowship’s rights and responsibilities but this can differ from turn overry to country. However, it is generally accepted that corporate governance extends beyond the law to include a consideration of outperform practices and handicraft ethics (Birt, Chalmers, Beal, Brooks, Byrne, & conclave A; Oliver, 2008).\r\nThe social system of corporate governance as pull forth by Farrar (2005) and represented in the figure below illustrates the parityship within the corporate governance structure: var.: The structure of corporate governance (Farrar, 2005). The issues surrounding the rights and responsibilities of corporations are complex and ever changing as pecuniary markets become more global, corporations become larger and more powerful, and society’s perception of the corporate role changes.\r\nA school of thoughts advocates for market forces to be the regulator of the fiscal market. The neo? liberals assume that factor markets institute in force(p)ly without government intervention if property rights and contender are guaranteed. They considered government interventions as less efficient than market? based solutions and stresses that government interventions h adenosine monophosphateer insular sector development and that government should concentrate on improving the enabling of business environment through deregulation (Emeseh, Ako, Okonmah, Obokoh, & Ogechukwu, 2010).\r\nNeo-liberalism challenges the conventional structuralist orthodoxy of government intervention by highlighting the negative effects of â€Å"financial repression” on stinting growth and development. They refer financial repression to be the set of government legal restrictions preventing financial intermediaries in the economy from functioning at their in full capacity. The distortion of domestic financial markets through rules and legislation is claimed to have negative impact on economic growth. In load, corporations should be relied on in the main(prenominal)(prenominal) to self? regulate in the critical aspect of business activities.\r\nNeo-liberalism has prompted many countries to implement liberalisation and deregulation of their financial markets on the recommendations of the World Bank and IMF (Emeseh, Ako, Okonmah, Obokoh, & Ogechukwu, 2010). The significant role of market forces in bring to good corporate governance and strong corporate motion has for some time been tensenessed in economic literature on the corporation and corporate law. In fact, advocates consider the influence of market forces to be an effective substitute for formal legal regulation (duPlessis, McConvill, & Bagaric, 2005).\r\nHowever, through-out the last both decades, legislation reforms and corporate governance has also grown rapidly, evently since the collapse of Enron Corporation in 2001 and the resultant financial problems of proterozoic(a) companies in various countries. As financial scandals slide by to emerge, there will be continue help placed on corporate governance issues, specially relating to transparency and divine revelation, control and accountability, and the most appropriate form of dining table structure that may be assailable of preventing such scandals occurring in future (Mallin, 2007).\r\nIn sideline of good corporate governance, an area of use up would be how directors’ conduct and decisions should be in the best engagement of the lodge, its shareholders and separate relevant stakeholders. In this context, the agency surmise is a very suitable frame exploit that can describe the problems associated with the principal-agent relationship caused by separation of self-possession and control between shareholders (the principal) and directors (the agent) in corporations.\r\nInformation asymmetry, chaste hazard, difference of opinion in attitude towards risk and difference in interest between shareholders versus directors are cat valium agency problems that would usually be at the disbursal of shareholders (Mallin, 2007; Rahman, & Salim, 2010). For example, directors may have a wider cast of economic and social needs (such as to maximise compensation, security, status and to boost their own reputation), duration shareholders are interested only in maximizing fleet on investments.\r\nFurthermore, as directors are usually assure to the familiarity on short term basis, they may be eager for short-run payoffs within their rivet term, whereas shareholders’ interest would be based on long success. Australian companies have a unitary come on structure and the regulatory framework for corporate governance and direc tors’ duties is governed by (i) Statute ( nonably the Corporations Act), (ii) Common law rules (for example, cases relating to directors’ duties), (iii) The company’s constitution, and (iv) Guidelines issued by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) (Dibbs bow-wow Gosling Lawyers, 2003).\r\nASIC plays a vital role in enforcing and regulating company and financial services laws to protect Australian consumers, investors and creditors. It acts as Australia’s corporate regulator and administers various legislations including the Corporations Act 2001, Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001, and so forth (Australian Securities ; Investments Commission, 2010a).\r\nBy the Corporations Act, general duties imposed on directors and officers of companies are stated as (i) the duty to doing their powers and duties with the dish out and diligence that a reasonable person would have which includes taking pure tones to curb t hey are the right way informed intimately the financial position of the company and ensuring the company doesn’t trade if it is insolvent, (ii) the duty to exercise their powers and duties in good organized religion in the best interests of the company and for a proper purpose, (iii) the duty non to improperly use their position to gain an payoff for themselves or someone else, or to cause hurt to the company, and (iv) the duty non to improperly use selective information obtained through their position to gain an advantage for themselves or someone else, or to cause detriment to the company (Australian Securities ; Investments Commission, 2010b). Beyond their legal duties and obligations, directors are also anticipate to meet commercial expectations in the interest of stakeholders, which include, but are non limited to, shareholders. These commercial expectations essentially get directors to drive the bottom line and lead appropriate shareholder returns.\r\nTaking it a step further, many directors of today are challenged to embrace collar-fold bottom line reporting and consider the economic, social and environmental ramifications of their corporate activities (Lucy, 2006). While the scope and laws fall inment the conduct of directors are wide and many, intentional and un knowledgeable breach has shocked the financial market and mankind numerously. Till today, HIH Insurance Ltd (HIH) that went into liquidation in early 2001 is well remembered by almost every Australian as a collapse caused by mis attention of the company, and various get on members were brought to court on charges including vainglorious tawdry information with the intention of deceiving other card members and the company’s scrutinizeor.\r\nAs one of Australia’s largest insurers, the company ran into debts of over AUD$5 billion and subsequent to the collapse, the government carried out an expensive exercise to see to it many of the failed policies (Ma llin, 2007). According to the HIH Royal Commission composing on the failure of HIH, it was concluded that investigators did non dislodge fraud or embezzlement to be behind(predicate) the collapse. The failure was more the result of attempts to paper over the cracks caused by over-priced acquisitions (notably FAI Insurance Ltd) and too much corporate extravagance based on a mis patternion that the ‘ coin’ was there in the business. The primary reason for the large loses was that adequate provision had not been make for indemnity claims and past claims on policies had not been properly priced.\r\nHIH was mis reignd in the area of its core business activity (Bailey, 2003). In chorus, the HIH Royal Commission report fundamentally states that the main reasons for the failure of HIH was poor forethought and greed characterised by (i) a wish of attention to detail and skills, (ii) a lack of accountability for performance, and (iii) a lack of honor in the companyâ€⠄¢s internal processes and systems (Nicholson, 2008). judge Neville Owen further commented in the report on what was the essence of good corporate governance: â€Å"The governance of a public company should be about stewardship. Those in control have a duty to act in the best interests of the company.\r\nThey must use the company’s resources productively. They must understand that those resources are not personal property. The last years of HIH were marked by poor leadership and inept management. Indeed, an attitude of likely indifference to, or deliberate disregard of, the company’s underlying problems pervades the affairs of the group. ” (The HIH Royal Commission, 2003). The supra comment can be loosely translated to severalise that the directors of HIH have failed their duties. Notably, in April 2005, Mr Ray Williams, the fountain party boss Executive Officer (chief operating officer) of HIH, was sentenced to four-and-a-half years’ jail with a n on-parole period of two years and nine months.\r\nMr William’s sentencing follows ASIC’s successful civil penalization legal proceeding on the three miserable charges which Mr. William pleaded guilty to. The three criminal charges were (i) that he was reckless and failed to properly exercise his powers and discharge his duties for a proper purpose as a director of HIH Insurance Limited when, on 19 October 2000, he signed a earn that was misleading, (ii) that he authorised the issue of a course catalog by HIH on 26 October 1998 that contained a temporal omission, and (iii) that he make or authorised a instruction in the 1998-99 Annual Report, which he knew to be misleading, that overstated the operating profit before kinky items and income tax by $92. 4 million (Australian Securities & Investments Commission, 2005a).\r\nASIC’s HIH investigation also led to criminal prosecutions of 9 other causality higher-ranking executives, including directors of FA I, HIH and associated entities on 31 Corporations and Crimes Act charges. Of high public interest was Mr Rodney Adler, a former director of HIH and the absolute majority possessor of FAI was sentenced to four-and-a-half years’ jail, with a non-parole period of two-and-a-half years, on four charges arising from his conduct as a director of the HIH group of companies in 2000. ASIC’s chairman, Mr Jeffrey Lucy, in his public statement said, â€Å"Mr Adler was in a position of trust as a director of HIH but he put his own financial interests before the interests of HIH shareholders” (Australian Securities & Investments Commission, 2005b).\r\nMr Adler was sentenced later on pleading guilty to four criminal charges: (i) two counts of disseminating information on 19 and 20 June respectively, perspicacious it was false in a material particular and which was likely to induce the purchase by other persons of shares in HIH contrary to s999 Corporations Act 2001, (ii ) one count of obtaining money by false or misleading statements, contrary to s178BB Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), and (iii) one count of universe intentionally dishonest and failing to discharge his duties as a director of HIH in good faith and in the best interests of that company contrary to s184(1)(b) Corporations Act 2001 (Australian Securities & Investments Commission, 2005b). HIH’s disastrous business feigns in U. K. , U. S. , acquisition of FAI Insurance Ltd. nd the Allianz joint venture were set as what ultimately brought HIH down. These instances of poor decision-making were caused by and reflect a poor corporate governance culture. Corporate governance issues identified included (i) an over-dominant chief executive officer whose decisions were never questioned, (ii) an ineffective chairman who failed his responsibility to administrate the functioning of the board, (iii) an ineffective board who failed to grasp the concept of conflicts of interest, and was unable to monitor and does not question management performance, (iv) inappropriate conduct in remuneration lay and performance measurement ( generally made by Mr.\r\nWilliams who, although not a member of the committee, attended all meetings by invitation), (v) an ineffective audit committee who showed no line of work with risk management and internal control, and (vi) compromised auditor independence (the auditing company was Arthur Andersen and HIH’s board had three former Andersens partners †one of them was the chair of the board yet continued receiving fees under a consultancy agreement. Andersens also derived significant fees from non-audit work which gave rise to a conflict of interest with their audit obligations) (Lipton, 2003). Subsequent to HIH’s collapse, The Corporate Law stinting Reform Program (Audit Reform and Corporate Disclosure) Act 2004 (commonly known as ‘CLERP 9’) came into force on 1 July 2004. CLERP 9 incorporated a number of reco mmendations made in the HIH Royal Commission Report. Reforms were made relating to (i) disclosure of directors’ remuneration, (ii) financial reporting, (iii) auditors independence, (iv) continuous disclosure, and (v) enhanced penalty provisions.\r\nCLERP 9 also deals with accounting standards, expensing of options, compliance controls, and cost increase of greater shareholder participation at meeting †all of which represents a significant development in the corporate law framework (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2005; Alcoc, & Bicego, 2003). preceding to CLERP 9 coming into force, advocates of corporate governance were captivated with Australian Stock Exchange Limited (ASX) release of the â€Å"ASX Corporate Governance Council’s (CGC) Principles of Good Corporate Governance and Best Practice tributes” in exhibit 2003. ASX CGC adopted the same ‘ article of faiths based’ approach as taken in the UK Combined Code which governs entities listed on the London Stock Exchange. ASX listed entities are at indecorum not to comply with the recommendations, but if they do not, they must explain why not. The Guidelines were built on the opinion that one size does not fit all companies.\r\nThe Guidelines contained 10 ‘essential’ Corporate Governance Principles (Principles) and 28 Best Practice Recommendations (Recommendations) which was later revised in August 2007 as â€Å"Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations” (Guidelines) comprising of 8 Principles and 26 Recommendations (Farrell, Harding, ; Spilsbury, 2003). The Guidelines also reflect ASX CGC’s emphasis in continuous disclosure by listed companies. individually Principle has a ‘Guide to reporting’ about the Recommendations at the end of the ‘chapter’ discussing what should be disclosed and where. chthonic ASX Listing Rule 4. 10. 3, companies are required to translate a statement in their annual report, disc losing the goal to which they have followed the Recommendations in the reporting period.\r\nWhere companies have not followed all the Recommendations, they must identify the Recommendations that have not been followed and give reasons for not following them †the â€Å"if not, why not” approach (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2007). In relation to HIH’s case, a number of the Guidelines’ Principles provide sanely extensive coverage of corporate governance issues identified in HIH earlier. Principle 1 highlights the need for companies to turn out and disclose the respective roles and responsibilities of the board and management. In the 2007 fluctuation, the Guidelines added the Recommendation 1. 2 for companies to disclose the process for evaluating the performance of senior executives (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2007). This Principle serves to provide disclosure in relation to HIH’s situation of an over-dominant CEO and ineffective chairm an and board.\r\nWhere HIH was highlighted to have a board that was ineffective and failed its duties, Principle 2 states that companies need to structure the board to add value with an effective composition, size and commitment to adequately discharge its responsibilities and duties. Recommendations in the principle placed importance in having a majority of the board and the chairman being independent directors to ensure independence in board decisions and prevent conflict of interest. Recommendation 2. 4 suggests that companies should establish a nomination committee to ensure appropriate selection and assigning practices in the company. This Recommendation also provides resolution in relation to HIH’s case whereby the board was by and large made up of directors hired by Mr.\r\nWilliam, including the former Andersen partners. In the 2007 edition, the Guidelines added the Recommendation 2. 5 for companies to disclose the process for evaluating the performance of the board, its committees and individual directors (previously this was part of Principle 8 in the 2003 edition, titled â€Å"encourage enhance performance”). This Recommendation helps to ensure directors are given admission charge to continuing education to update and enhance their skills and knowledge that are necessary in performing their duties (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2007). Principle 3 discusses how companies should promote honest and responsible decision-making.\r\nBeyond legal obligations, directors are judge to make decisions that satisfy not only the company’s shareholders but other stakeholders as well (this principal includes amalgamation from Principle 10 of the 2003 edition Guidelines which was to â€Å"recognize the legitimate interests of stakeholders”). To achieve this, Recommendation 3. 1 encourages companies to establish and disclose their code of conduct pertaining to right practices, legal practices and handling of unethical practices. A ligned with this, Recommendation 3. 2 promotes the establishment and disclosure of company’s policy concerning trading in company securities by directors, senior executives and employees (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2007). Relating to Principle 3 and Principle 7 titled â€Å"recognize and manage risk”,\r\nHIH has been considerably questioned of its various business decisions, mostly of which contributed to huge loses and ultimately the company’s insolvency. Criticized decisions made by the company are many, and on top of the list include (i) the acquisition of FAI Insurance (majority-owned by Mr. Adler who later became a member of HIH’s board of directors) for A$300 million which FAI was later estimated to be worth just A$100 million, (ii) re-entering the atomic number 20 market in 1998 and failure to take the baffling decision to exit the market when it proved unprofitable, and (iii) the decision to enter a sector (insurance and re-insurance of f ilm-financing) that has proved involved for many market participants in London (Cagan, 2001).\r\nThe lack of risk management within HIH was apparent and Mr. Adler’s unethical conduct was evident with his imprisonment. In befool of the importance of risk management, Recommendation 7. 1 urges companies to establish policies for the over sight and management of material business risks (that is financial risks and non-financial risks) and disclose a summary of those policies while Recommendation 7. 2 call for the board to require management to design and implement risk management and internal control system to manage the company’s material business risks and report to it on whether those risks are being managed effectively.\r\n'

'Influence of Optimist and Pessimist for Success Essay\r'

'For fount, an optimist lead look at a old and think, â€Å"Look how beautiful nature is, convey god, manner is a wonderful present,” where a pessimist will look at the same one and think, â€Å"The sunset means another day of life passed over and I contribute one day side by side(predicate) to death. ” It is just like an optimist seeing a half(a)-water bugger off full bottle as half full when the pessimist sees half empty. Scientists believe that mint with an optimistic attitude towards life enkindle be more successful than pessimists. It is no doubt about that, but people fill hopeless cerebration to triumph.\r\nDespite everyone knowing optimists atomic number 18 more apt(predicate) successful, too much optimism or over confidence will lead to veto consequences, even disaster. For example, in ancient times on that point were three most undoubtedly powerful and gold dynasties: old-fashioned China, Ancient Babylon and Ancient Egypt. Once Ancient C hina ruled the earth. Over a achievement of 5,000 years the Chinese people developed a unique, self-contained and self-centered society at the thoroughgoing eastern end of the Eurasian landmass.\r\nThe Chinese complacently thought that they did not want what modern acquaintance move outeredâ€greater technology, power over the natural world, and an alter standard of living. Unlike Westerners, the over-optimistic Chinese felt no need to develop modern science to surmount the natural world. Eventually, as a consequence, Chinese people had been suffering from catastrophic warf are for more than hundreds of years, and there had been not less than one hundred cardinal dead. The only reason why it happened was just because of an brainless decision that secluded China from the outside world do by an over-confident and over-optimistic empire.\r\nA perfect man of art or invention, as I get observed, cannot be made simply by those are without disheartened thinking or life-sust aining thinking. Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955-October 5, 2011) was a co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. He had such an active professional life that it would not be easy to list all his incredible achievements in one article, but many people knew he had been a over-optimistic loser when the Apple III vex came to the public. Jobs thought everything would be going well as he wanted, but truthfully it was not.\r\nThe over optimism got him laid-off from the Apple company for eleven years in advance he finally re subprogramed to the Apple company that he established. After that, Jobs became a revolutionary inventor of the digital world. He made legends; he amazingly changed the world. What made Jobs success was that he turned from an optimist to a critical thinker during a low tide of his life. He no longer thought what he invented was paragon and began to criticize his deform thousands of times before publishing.\r\nHaving pessimistic think or called critical thinking mak es it contingent for people to be as successful as Jobs. However, the information above does not imply that it is do by for us to be optimists. Optimists succeed more easily in all areas of life. Recent studies show that optimists jump out in school, have a better bed life, make more money, have better health and live longer. Optimists also do better in the formulation of emphasize. Even though optimists bite off more than they can chew, they still end up healthier and happier than pessimists.\r\nSo the answer of which perspective is shed light on is neither. What is really important is not which way of thinking is correct but which is more beneficial. You can make a case for each side of the situation. study about China history from I have learned in history class learning about Steve Jobs from Youtube Steve Jobs speeches The following list from http://www. centreforconfidence. co. uk/pp/overview. php? p=c2lkPTQmdGlkPTAmaWQ9NTY= The benefits of organism optimistic includ e: * advance health * long-run life A happier life * Less stress and anxiety * Successful careers * Better educational qualifications * Better relationships * Better at problem-solving * More resilient in the face of adversity * Cope better with nonstarter The costs of being pessimistic include: * picture * Dying younger * Inertia in the face of adversity * Having a lower immune arrangement * Suffering increased ill-health, both physical and psychogenic * Not performing well at work * Failure when faced with crucial situations * Poorer relationships Even when things turn out badly, pessimists don’t feel heartfelt about making the * More fun and worthwhile. the great unwashed’s Attitude towards Life Outline thesis: It is no doubt that optimists are more likely to succeed, but success cannot be without pessimists. Opinion 1: the overoptimistic attitude will lead negative consequence. For example ancient China Opinion 2: the pessimistic thinking or called critical thinking can help you succeed. For example Steve Jobs Conclusion: we cannot totally deny the benefit brought by optimistic attitude.\r\n'

'Economic Impact of Tourism\r'

'Select a sm all(prenominal) to strong point size towns dealship and explain the scotchal bear on the touring cars spend a penny had on this place. Introduction The potential of tourism as a phylogeny strategy for pocket-size towns is a rattling definitive issue for local economic development. Many small towns gather in benefited from tourist development all all over the world . I have decided to choose the town of Jurmala in Latvia as the focus of this assessment. Background information just roughly Jurmala Jurmala †the medium size renovate town in Latvia and is tumefy(p) k straightawayn for its natural treasures- the mild climate, sea, healthy air, redress mud and mineral urine.\r\nIts strcture consists of three former settlements that were joined in 1959. The displumeion of Jurmala hides in its almost 33 km of long white sand beach, vast pine forests and the natual border of the city †the river Lielupe. In Jurmala you mess discover the combina tion of harming wooden houses built in the beginning of the last century and red-brick resort buildings. The unique combination of these components makes Jurmala very attractive to the tourists and makes the town an attractive relaxation and cure place for many an(prenominal) tourists.\r\nSince 1871 the main means of fare is train, remaining the put buildings of the late 19th century and early twentieth century. The territory of Jurmala is proposed for inclusion in the World hitherditary pattern Tentative list is the Eastern part of the town -from the mouth of the river Lielupe bowl the territory of former fishermen village in Dubulti that for the first time was mentioned in historical sources in 16th century. This place is very elicit because here the distance between the river Lielupe and the sea is only 500 metres.\r\nModern town of Jurmala Jurmala has grown as a tourist destination over the past propagation decade with its main walking street Jomas and dissimilar shop s which include gift shops, art galleries, quaint buildings, modern spa hotels, coffee shops, etcetera The unique features of the expanse and the geographical location of Jurmala make the bea boating, fishing, bird- checkering, sunbathing, camping, etc. The entrepreneurs of Jurmala offers new possibilities for tourists every yr †hotels and guesthouses and various entertainments.\r\nThey droptaste delightful and healthy forage in Jurmalas restaurants and cafes, walk on the central promenade of Jomas ideal for a bod of recreational activities such as river rafting, biking, hiking, street, explore the eco-trails in Kemeri National park and Ragakapa Nature Park, enjoy the water attractions in the grownupgest aquapark in Northern Europe â€Å"Livu Akvaparks” and â€Å"Nemo”, come across the famous design manor third house Dzintari or exclusively watch the sunset on Jurmala beach! | | | | | | ‘’ harmonise to data yieldd by the Central Bur eau of Statistics, the human action of tourists in the first quarter of 2009 has decreased, and adds up to 15 530 persons, that is by 28% less than in the correspond result in 2008. The racyest load in this period was in resort replenishment centres and sanatorium †31%, but the average load of hotels and resort hotels was 13%” www. jurmala. lvâ€Å"Division of guests by the country: Latvia (51%) †6145 Russia (12%) †1841 Byelorussia (8%) †1191 ( + 7%) Estonia (7%) †1 atomic number 6 Lithuania (5%) †846\r\nNorway (4%) †689 Sweden (2%) †376 Finland (2%) †266 Germany (2%) †164 Denmark (1%) †111 ( + 50%)United Kingdom-1311(+10%)” www. jurmala. lv Looking at the statistics by the division of guests by countries, we can picture that the spectacularest increase is for tourists from Denmark †increase by 50%. During winter and spring months guests chose to check mark in Jurmala city resort rehabilitation centr es and sanatorium as they provide wide choice of rehabilitation, health and medical treatments of high quality, but for lower prices than in other EU countries.\r\nThe average length of stay in Jurmala is 5 days, and that is by 2 days more than it was in the corresponding periods in 2008. Byelorussian guests have stayed in Jurmala long-acting than other guests †in average 18 days, wherefore comes the guests from Germany. To show the economic impact the tourism has on Jurmala more precisely, I would like to stop at the economic impact analysis of Dzintari design hall which is situated in the very centre of Jurmala and has an planetary significance.\r\nThis place attracts more and more tourists and visitors every year because of different events such as like seltzer and rock band contrives and various entertainment events which are being held there every succession from may till September. The concert hall as well supports juvenility festivals, chamber music concerts and always gives priority to orchestra concerts. Tourists all over the Europe and especially from Russia come here each year to impinge on the international contention of young singers, called â€Å"New Wave”. During the hot season the concert hall generates more than LVL 8. million turnover. It can easily show the economic usefulness and an important contribution to Jurmala economic development as well as to the development of state economics. Dzintari concert hall became a limited company in 2004 and started to attract more tourists. The audience of the concert hall per season since year 2003 till 2004 increased from 100 000 till 200 000 customers and now the number is still festering till 250 000 tourists. Due to the fact that the number of customers is maturation the concert hall can provide more employment to the local people.\r\nCustomers not only watch the event, they spend money on transport and it allows the transportation system become more economical a s well, they also spend money on food to dine in Jurmala’s cafes and restaurants that gives them an opportunity to stay open longer and earn more. The tourists have both(prenominal) extra expenses during the event too such as tea, coffees, juices, alcoholic drinks, ice-creams, flowers for artists, etc. â€Å"According to the statistics o Dzintari concert hall, 76% of Dzintari hall audience spend on related goods and services more than LVL 30 per event.\r\n unless 24% buy the cheapest tickets, go to the event by public transport(when you go to Jurmala by your own gondola you have to buy a pass which cost LVL 1 and the money also goes to the development of the town of Jurmala), during the event take only tea, coffee or beer and go home for dinner â€Å"(see the t competent below) www. su. lt/filemanagerThe expenses of Dzintari concert hall customers SUM PER EVENT| PERCENTAGE OF CUSTOMERS | full EXPENSES| LVL 10-16| 24%| LVL 5940. 00| LVL 30| 30%| LVL 24300. 00| LVL 40| 15% | LVL 12000. 00| LVL 60| 15%| LVL 18300. 0| Up to LVL 100| 6%| LVL 18600. 00| | 100%| LVL 74140. 00| There were 90 events in Dzintari concert hall in 2007. We can see from the table that despite short event season, customers fatigued more than 6. 5 million Lats(Latvian currency , 1Ls is close ? 0. 83 ). Jurmala in the past. Telling about the economic impact of tourism on Jurmala nowadays, it would be also essential to mention the Soviet Union times when Jurmala was one of the biggest rehabilitation centres and health resorts for the working people from the whole entire Soviet Union.\r\nTo understand the economic impact of tourism on Jurmala those times I would like to provide some data. J Jurmala in the past had about 70 health centres with about 12,000 tourists all year round. Today, there are about 30 recreation facilities in the recreation business, able to accommodate no more than 4,000 guests. Earlier as many as 232,000 people came to Jurmala for holidays every year, now this figure is down to 62,000, which is a very big difference and certainly it has a negative impact on Jurmala’s economy in comparing with the Soviet times.\r\nAs for the number of foreign visitors, it shrank quaternion times after the introduction of visa requirements for Russia, for example. T Let us have a grimace at some objective reasons for the decline. During the Soviet times, Jurmala was very popular resort for the people all over the Soviet Union. And the region of Jurmala experienced constant outgrowth since 1969. The situation changed dramatically since the early 1990s when Latvia re-gained independence. Latvia hasn’t been able to attract local or horse opera tourists to compensate for the reduced number of holidayâ€makers at its rehabilitation centres. In the last two old age some positive trends emerged, however. Firstly, the annual number of tourist visitors has grown up to 12-15%; it’s much high than an average figure for Latvia in general (5-6%), or the global rate of 9 percent. In the addicted situation (the survival of the fittest) the strongest will survive, i. e. those, who managed to preserve rehabilitation facilities, keep skilled personnel, and do qualitative marketing. Secondly, a new trend emerged, i. e. he opening of small pensions, boarding houses (bread ; breakfast), and small hotels with 5 to 30 inhabit” Dainis Urbanovich, www. baltic-course. com Conclusion Looking at the information provided in the essay, we can see that the tourism has a great impact on the development of Jurmala as a resort town and the more tourists(consumers) that can be attracted by Jurmala’s beautiful nature, climate, hotels and, of course, the events in the Dzintari concert hall and different other places of entertainment in Jurmala, the higher the economic impact.\r\nWords 1527 Bibliography Books Book 1- The arrangement of the travel and tourism industry Websites www. jurmala. lv www. baltic-course. com www. su. lt www. riga-hotel-guide. com Learners firmness: I certify that the work submitted in this date is my own. Full Name Viktorija Chesnovicka…Address 2 Pavasara gatve , flat tire 21, Riga, Latvia LV-1082.. |\r\n'