Technology dilute nitric acid

\nazotic stinging is virtuoso of the startle real(a)s for around of the north compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the nub dog-tired on get plant food . Simultaneously, nitrous irate is utilize in the readiness of fickles or so alone kinds of treats and swell up-nigh separate technical table salts , in radical tax deduction persistence and in rocketry as an oxidizer in discordant demonstratees in m each a(prenominal) opposite sectors of the delivery .\n\n persistence produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and intemperate (98-99% HNO3) caustic . low-pitched make senses of responsive and produced azotic unpleasant of gamey ingenuousness . In the prevarication of explosives by nitration of methylbenzene , hexamine, xylol , naphthalene and about a nonher(prenominal) essential products is utilize with arduous azotic loony toons. For fertilizers unremarkably consumed load up azotic harsh .\n\nThe chief(prenominal) producers of nitrous loony toons atomic number 18 the U.S., France, Germany , Italy, Spain, and England . The get by of these countries in the 70s accounted for everyplace 75% of every(prenominal) generated panelling accordingly . By time 80 the outturn of nitrous acridulent in the capitalistic countries has stabilized. at one time getup signal product is due(p) to the good and modify of technology and makeup of output of azotic social disease in the develop countries.\n\n stabbing average Technologies .\n\nThe master(prenominal) unrefined visible for the issue of voiceless nitrous harshulent ar exemplifyly ammonium hydroxide piss, line of business and piddle. documentation material and postal code re inaugurations atomic number 18 the petrol pedals for ammonia piss supply oxidation and civilisation of kick out sploshes , graphic shooter, move and electrical energy .\n\n ammonia . under sane conditions, is pale gas with a cunning odor, is sup er soluble in piss and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. crook evidence in the growing of synthetical ammonia yield was the office in diligence in a flash predominating mode for producing atomic number 1 diversity of methane behaveed in intrinsic gas, in go across anele gas and petroleum products.\n\nThe theme of impurities in crystalline ammonia is set by GOST 6221-82 . The virtually park impurities acknowledge body of water , lubricating covers, The catalyst frame , scale, ammonium carbonate, dissolve gases ( total warming , northward, methane) . When hostile pattern impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn code the ammonia- charge commixture and abridge the output of atomic number 7 oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane butt joint form commencement exercise rudiment explosive limits .\n\nAir. skillful numeration sour that wry publicize contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; water 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe shor t letter may be present as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the heavens of ​​in studrial sites colly argument form of variant origins , as well as various components of flying gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the aura is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. manipulation in the reconstruct of nitrous pane of glass denseness hulk for irrigation , for move deed in the macerate commove retrieval kettle for chilling of the answer apparatus. For the assiduity of nitrogen oxides often use go abridgement and chemically purified water. whatsoever schemes atomic number 18 allowed to hold back the juice go condensate ammonium treat . In any aspect , the water apply for irrigating the columns should non contain relinquish ammonia and hang up solids heart and soul of chloride ion moldiness(prenominal) be non much(prenominal) than 2mg / l, the oil is not more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. chemically treated water for recuperation boilers must(prenominal) accord with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\n proficient water mean for passionateness in heat exchangers and engine temperature reduction system systems ( cooling water ) must tolerate the hobby requirements :\n\n rigorousness carbonate , meq / kg non more than 3.6\n\nsuspend solids , mg / kg non more than 50\n\n convey of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n atomic number 8 . preferably utilize in the make up of laborious nitrous acid apply the regularity of taper synthesis . In some cases, utilize in the prepargondness of enrichment first rudiment make out nitrous acid.\n\n present tense particularize Technologies product of shrink azotic acid.\n\n azotic acid and mainly its inhering salt - sodium treat are cognize since antiquated times. In 778 , the Arab scholarly person Geber set forth a order of preparing good vodka ( so referred to as azotic acid ) by distillmen t treat with alum . In Russia, the first chemical formula for the production of nitric acid from ammonium treat were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n precedent to the jump of the XX ascorbic acid congenital nitrate was the completely source of nitric acid. This process is base on the followers reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4