Value System in Nepal

What is apprize establishment? In plain guidance range scheme means the principle of remunerate and improper that ar accepted by an soulfulness or a social sort. Values kitty be regulated as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, determine reflect a mortals sense of powerful and wrong or what ought to be. 40Equal responsibilitys for entirely and citizenry should be treated with respect and dignity argon representative of rank. Values itemization to influence attitudes and behavior.For example, if you observe equal rights for all and you go to work for an fundamental law that treats its managers much better than it does its workers, you whitethorn edition the attitude that the company is an foul place to work consequently, you may non produce well or may perchance leave the company. It is samely that if the company had had a much egalitarian policy, your attitude and behaviors would have been to a greater exte nt positive. A re appreciate trunk is in essence the distinguishing and prioritization of the estimable and ideological treasures that an individual or hunting lodge holds. plot of ground two individuals or groups may share a club of common think ofs, they may differ in their determination of which pass judgments in that set have precedence over some former(a)(a)(prenominal)s. The two individuals or groups are said to have contrastive judge frames, even though they may have umpteen determine in common, if their prioritization of values differs, or if on that point are different exceptions they attach to these values. Groups and individuals whose differing value bodys have many values in common may passive wind up in run afoul, ideological or physical, with to each one other, because of the differences in their value remainss.People with differing value systems will thus dis conform to on the rightness or incorrectness of certain actions, both in the outline and in specific circumstances. In essence, a value system (if sufficiently well-defined) is a formalization of a moral code. The premise behind the discipline of rigorously examining value systems and the differences mingled with them (given the provisional name ethonomics) is that an understanding of these differences in prioritization of values flowerpot troika to greater understanding about the politics (and motivations) of individuals and groups.While political discourse in recent times has frequently focused on the values held by the people engaging in the discourse (be they potbellydidates, office holders, or media pundits), in reality those being compared share many (perhaps most) values in common. It is in their prioritization of those values that they differ, causing them (as a result of these different prioritizations) to come to different conclusions about what is right and wrong, and to pursue different actions accordingly.One example of a simple formal value syst em is Isaac Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics, which is intended as value system (of sorts) for robots in the hypothetical future of Asimovs science fiction novels. plainly distilled, the laws stipulate that * human lifespan is of primary importance and value (A robot may not vituperate a human being, or, by means of inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. ) * orders given by human beings to robots are secondary, to be obeyed as long as they do not violate the first law (A robot mustiness obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would fight with the First Law. ) * a robots hold existence is of tertiary value, meaning that a robot should preserve its avow life all if the other two laws have been satisfactorily complied with (A robot must protect its admit existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. ) Naturally, this is a real simplistic set of values, but the idea behind formalization of value syste ms is that more entangled value systems that apply to human fraternity world power be derived or mapped from similar principles and structures, and that conflicts between such value systems might be contumacious rationally.Definitions Values In order to define value systems, we need to define the characteristics of values that could be represented in a value system. The values that a group or somebody holds may fall into some(prenominal) different categories. The ones that usually concern us in the area of value systems are the ethical and the ideological. * Ethical values may be fancy of as those values which serve to distinguish between ethical and bad, right and wrong, and moral and immoral. At a societal level, these values frequently form a basis for what is permitted and what is prohibited. Ideological values deal with the broader or more tweet areas of politics, religion, economics, and social mores. In theory, the broader ideological values should derive logically as lifelike consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values and their prioritizations. But although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite oft this is not the case. Value Systems As mentioned earlier, a value system is the ordering and prioritization of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or inn holds.The specific prioritizations may lead to designated exceptions invoked because one value is deemed more important than other (e. g. , delusion is wrong, but lying to save somebody elses life is acceptable, because human life is more valuable (more extremely valued) than the principle that lying is wrong). unheeding of whether or not value systems are formed logically, they determine for individuals and societies what actions they are likely to act and how those actions are likely to be justified (or perhaps rationalized). Characteristics of Value SystemsValue systems can be categorized along multiple axes * They can be psycheal, hel d by an individual and applicable save to an individual, or they can be communal or societal, defined by and applying to a union or society. Communal value systems may be legal codes take on the force of law in many societies. * They can be internally consistent, where the broader ideological values derive logically as natural consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values, and where values do not refute each other, or they can be irreconcilable.Although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case in figure. refer that valuing the concurrence of a value system is itself a sort of meta-value, that could be present or absent in a given value system. * They can be idealized value systems (ideal representations of an individuals or groups value prioritizations) or realized value systems (how such a value system is manifested in reality, in the actions and decisions of the individual or group).Idealized value systems tend to be a bsolute, in that they are codified as a strict set of proscriptions on behavior, while realized value systems contain conditional exceptions that are rules to annunciation collisions between values in practical circumstances. Personal vs. Communal A value system may be held by a group of people, a conjunction or society, or it might be held by an individual. An individual souls value system might be consistent with or equivalent to the companionships value system. Consistency does not imply equivalence, though.An individuals value system might even hold the person to a higher standard, and still be consistent with the communitys value system. (Consistency indoors a value system, exposit below, refers to the degree to which contradictions and overt situational exceptions are absent from that value system dead body between value systems means that any action that might be taken in one value system would not contradict the rules associated with another. ) Exceptions One course o f looking at differences between value systems is to bring forward of the exceptions to the rules associated with values.These could be abstract exceptions (which are generalized enough in the way they are defined to take hold in all situations) and situational exceptions (which plainly can be said to be applied in very specific situations). The more generalized the exception, the more useful it is in a wider context for defining a consistent value system. In general, abstract exceptions serve to reinforce the prioritization of values, e. g. Lying is wrong, but lying to save someone elses life is acceptable, because preserving a human life is more valuable (more highly valued) than the adhering to the principle that lying is wrong.In a formal value system (idealized or realized), the default exception associated with each value is assumed to be as long as no higher-priority value is violated. However, this hierarchical structure may be too simplistic in perform, and explicit exc eptions may need to be specified. Examples of exceptions in practice * We may commonly agree that telling the truth is an important positive value, and that conversely deception is inherently wrong. But we make both abstract and situational exceptions for circumstances where we may wield that lying is acceptable behavior.Thus lying to avoid causing another person pain as a general rule would be considered an abstract exception, while lying in a particular situation because a specific person, if lied to, might do a specific affaire at a specific time would be considered a situational exception. * People may agree that stealing is wrong, but some people may believe that stealing if you are starving and want to feed yourself and your love ones is more acceptable than stealing if you are a abitual thief who makes a living stealing from people, or if you are an already wealthy person whose greed leads you to steal from your partners, your investors, or those you do transaction with. O thers may acquire nothing wrong with stealing from faceless corporations and business establishments but may frown upon stealing from individuals. some(a) may define certain acts to transform as not stealing if they fit into some of these categories. * People who conceptualise that cleansing is wrong might make an exception for someone playing in self-protection, placing a higher value on preservation of ones own life than on the principle of thou shalt not kill.Someone in the forces might accept the value that killing another person is wrong yet may see nothing wrong with killing someone (in self-defense or not) in the course of or pursuance the orders of a military commander (assumed to have a valid priming for ordering the killing), placing a higher value on discipline/ devotion and defending ones country. Conversely, a conscientious objector might order the value that killing is wrong not only over military actions but even over self-defense. Many people in the busines s world might include the Golden Rule (which says Do unto others as you would have others do unto you) in their value system, but in practice they might place higher priority on the values like Every man for himself or Let the buyer beware. Conversely, another person might find that prioritization morally repugnant, and accuse the businessman of being unethical (or even of a form of theft) if he sells merchandise he knows to be shoddy, or deceives those he tries to do business with. ConsistencyA value system whose exceptions are abstract, generalized enough to be used in all situations, is said to be an internally consistent value system. On the other hand, a value system whose exceptions are highly situational, or whose exceptions are inconsistently applied, is said to be an internally inconsistent. A value systems concord (or lack thereof) does not necessarily say anything about how good or evil it is. A value system that declares that lying and murder are acceptable, that essent ially endorses a might makes right morality, could be internally consistent in its approach.Likewise, an internally inconsistent value system, loaded with inconsistently applied situational exceptions, might be considered absolutely acceptable if the meta-value of consistent application of values is not part of the value system. (The paradox here is that the absence of this value in a value system makes it consistent, because there is no constraint that says it must be consistent. It could be argued that those who explicitly omit this meta-value from their value system implicit endorse consistency as a value in that act of deliberate omission. On the other hand, those who hold this value ) Idealized vs.Realized These exceptions, especially when they are implicitly rather than explicitly defined, often yield a difference between an idealized value system and the realized value system. The idealized value system is the simple listing of values (in priority order) that a person or soci ety would purport that they employ in determining right and wrong. The realized value system is the one they actually use in day-to-day life. While people claiming to employ a particular value system might say they place more value on x than y, more often than not there are deviations from this in practice.A consistent value system A religion may list a strong set of positive values, but its adherents and even those who are leaders of the religion may stray from those in practice. Idealized value systems often list strict rules (perhaps without any prioritizing order) but do not carefully define exceptions, abstract or situational. Realized value systems, in practice, often have a number of exceptions associated with them, but they may not be explicitly defined or consistently applied. Absolutists hold to their idealized value system and claim no exceptions other than the default.Defining Values Some fundamental values that most people seem to share, at least(prenominal) in theory, are * Its wrong to hurt, to harm, or especially to kill another person. * Its wrong to steal from another person. * Its wrong to lie. In practice, realized examples of these values would be a good deal more complicated, with exceptions already infix within them. * Its wrong to hurt another person, except in self-defense to keep them from hurting you, or if it is hold upon with the other person as a step towards a mutually acceptable greater good (e. g. a doctor giving a patient a detestable injection to cure an ailment). * Its wrong to take something from someone in a non-consensual fashion without negotiating overtly with the other person and agreeing to a mutually tolerable transfer or exchange. * Its wrong to deceive another person knowingly for your own gain. * Its wrong to take deliberate overt action to forbid another person from exercising his will as long as that exercise does not interfere with your own exercise of will, except when the other persons will serve s to violate the aforementioned principles. In general, these values declare that its wrong to interfere in another persons life unless they do things to interfere in yours This corresponds in essence to what has been called the Wiccan Rede which declares that As long as it harms none, do what thou droop. While this may seem an elegant moral principle, in practice it runs into trouble because of the differing priorities people place on specific individual values, because of the way differing value systems define what is and isnt harm, and perhaps most of all because of the different exceptions implicitly or explicitly defined in a value system.Examples of inappropriate value systems This section is devoted to the process of using rational summary to resolve conflicts between value systems. Individualism vs. collectivism In individualism, the necessitate and wants of the individual take precedence over the postulate and wants of a society or community. The implicit exception inh erent in individualism is usually as long as the actions of the individual do not harm other individuals. Absolutists may claim that even this exception does not hold.In collectivism, the need and wants of the society or community take precedence over the needs and wants of the individual. Rarely is the exception invoked that this is true as long as the actions of the society do not restrict individuals . It could be argued that a rational value system puts value on the needs and wants of the society or community structure, but does not give this more value than the needs and wants of the individuals within it.It is relatively easy to argue the case for this prioritization under collectivism, a community could decide (however such decisions might be made) that it would work better if there were no people in it to interfere with the smooth run of society. While this might be true, since people tend to complicate the smooth running of any social order, it would create a society wi thout any people, something which is intelligibly against the interest of the people in that societywould we rationally advocate our own extinction if it made the system of society run better?A rational resolution to the conflict between individualism and collectivism might structure these values in this manner 1. The rights of individuals to act as they coveting is unencumbered, unless their actions harm others or interfere with others free exercise of their individual rights, and as long as their actions do not interfere with functions of society that other individuals depend upon, provided those functions do not themselves interfere with these proscribed individual rights and were agreed to by a volume of the individuals. . A society (or more specifically the system of order that enables the workings of a society) exists for the purpose of benefitting the lives of the individuals who are members of that society. The functions of a society in providing such benefits would be th ose agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society. 1. A society may require contributions from its members in order for them to benefit from the services provided by the society.The failure of individuals to make such ask contributions could be considered a reason to deny those benefits to them, although a society could elite to consider hardship situations in determining how much should be contributed. 1. A society may restrict behavior of individuals who are members of the society only for the purpose of performing its designated functions agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society, only insofar as they violate the aforementioned values.This means that a society may abrogate the rights of any of its members who fails to uphold the aforementioned values. Of necessity, as you can see here, the exceptions associated with values like these can become recursive and often convoluted. The name proposed for the discipline that tries to perform this taskmapping and formalizing value system prioritizations and resolving conflicts between disparate value systems through rational psychoanalysisis ethonomics.